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  3. Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States

Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States

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问题    Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity and therefore enhance their international competitiveness through costcutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is definding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement costcutting, the more they lost their competitive edge. With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the costcutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a "40,40,20" rule, roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional costcutting. This rule does not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute. Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in costcutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny pinching, mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
   Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy facturing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach, within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ______.
选项 A、summarizing a thesis
B、recommending a different approach
C、comparing points of view
D、making a series of predictions
答案B
解析 主旨题。A项意为“总结论点”，本文没有提及。B项意为“介绍一种不同的方法”。针对“降低成本法”，在本文中作者提出了自己的意见，并且在最后给出了替代的方案。C项意为“比较观点”，本文没有提及。D项意为“做预言”，本文没有提及。因此B项为正确选项。
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