首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the
Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the
admin
2014-06-25
71
问题
Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the most attention and guide further research. But many studies produce non-confirmatory data—observations that refute current ideas and carefully constructed hypotheses. And it can be argued that these "negative data," far from having little value in science, are actually an integral part of scientific progress that deserve more attention.
At first glance, this may seem a little nonsensical; after all, how can non-confirmatory results help science to progress when they fail to substantiate anything? But in fact, in a philosophical sense, only negative data resulting in rejection of a hypothesis represent real progress. As philosopher of science Karl Popper stated; "Every refutation should be regarded as a great success; not merely a success of the scientist who refuted the theory, but also of the scientist who created the refuted theory and who thus in the first instance suggested, if only indirectly, the refuting experiment. "
On a more practical level, Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine(JNRBM)was launched on the premise that scientific progress depends not only on the accomplishments of individuals but requires teamwork and open communication of all results -positive and negative. After all, the scientific community can only learn from negative results if the data are published.
Though not every negative result will turn out to be of groundbreaking significance, it is imperative to be aware of the more balanced perspective that can result from the publication of non-confirmatory findings. The first and most obvious benefits of publishing negative results are a reduction in the duplication of effort between researchers, leading to the acceleration of scientific progress, and greater transparency and openness.
More broadly, publication of negative data might also contribute to a more realistic appreciation of the "messy" nature of science. Scientific endeavors rarely result in perfect discoveries of elements of "truth" about the world. This is largely because they are frequently based on methods with real limitations and hypotheses based on uncertain premises.
It is perhaps this "messy" aspect of science that contributes to a hesitation within the scientific community to publish negative data. In an ever more competitive environment, it may be that scientific journals prefer to publish studies with clear and specific conclusions. Indeed, Daniele Fanelli of the University of Edinburgh suggests that results may be distorted by a "publish or perish" culture in which the progress of scientific careers depends on the frequency and quality of citations. This leads to a situation in which data that support a hypothesis may be perceived in a more positive light and receive more citations than data that only generate more questions and uncertainty.
Despite the effects of this competitive environment, however, a willingness to publish negative data is emerging among researchers. Publications that emphasize positive findings are of course useful, but a more balanced presentation of all the data, including negative or failed experiments, would also make a significant contribution to scientific progress.
Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?
选项
A、Negative data lies at the core of scientific progress.
B、Non-confirmatory data are not receiving corresponding attention.
C、The mission of hypothesis-driven research is to reject current ideas.
D、Confirmatory data are the major stimulus to further research.
答案
B
解析
该段首句指出现实情况:那些正向的、验证性数据最受关注。随后表明自己观点:那些负向数据同样有意义.理应得到(deserve more attention)更多重视,据此可推知人们没有赋予负向(非验证性)数据应有的重视,[B]选项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2GK4777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Theprotectionofculturaldiversityfromapoliticalandeconomicpointofviewinfactbecamepressingwithglobalization,whi
Upongraduation,youaretryingtodecidebetweentwooptions,continuingstudyorgettingajob.Youaresoconfusedthatyouw
[A]Dosomethingimpressive[B]Trustyourself[C]Changeonething[D]Stoptorefresh[E]Achieveabalanceddiet[F]Honoryo
FromTheTippingPointtoNudge,theriseofpop-socialsciencehasbeenanoticeablefeatureofthepastdecadeinpublishing.
Thehumblebeehasmuchtoteachusabouttheflowofinformationinourownorganizations.Bees,likehumanbeings,aresocial
In2004GoogleunveiledGmail:apowerfule-mailaccountwithagigabyteofstorage.Thatwas500timeswhatHotmailwasofferin
Ms.Smithwrotetoyou,claimingthattherewassomethingwrongwithherheatingsystem.Asbuildingsupervisor,writeanoteto
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera,(1)_____ir
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera,(1)_____ir
Asanation,Japanisunusuallywellpreparedfornaturaldisasters.IntheyearssinceWorldWarII,successivegovernmentshav
随机试题
血块收缩试验标本采集注意事项有哪些?
投影面垂直面的投影特性是:在与平面垂直的投影面上的投影积聚成一条(),另两个投影为缩小的类似形。
电子电路中常用的负反馈有四种,即:串联电流型、串联电压型、并联电压型和________。
有关胃肠道手术病人术前准备,正确的是
患者,男性,62岁。因肺炎用抗生素连续治疗,近日发现口腔黏膜有白色附着物,用棉签拭去附着物可见出血。考虑口腔病变是
建设项目总概算不应包括的费用为以下哪一项?[2000年第4题]
某期货公司股东会通过决议,同意期货公司现任总经理王某受让本公司总裁7%的股权,并任命王某为期货公司董事长,兼任总经理一职。王某申请某期货公司总经理一职,由于自己学历达不到要求,于是就找人伪造了一份假的学历证书,后被发现,对于王某的行为,中国证监会及其派
证券评级机构应当自取得证券评级业务许可之日起()日内,将其信用等级划分及定义、评级方法、评级程序报()备案,并通过()网站、本机构网站及其他公众媒体向社会公告。
2004年某省种植业结构继续调整,粮食作物的种植面积占农作物种植总面积比例由上年的60.2%调整为58.4%,全年粮食作物种植面积147.11万公顷,比去年减少9.0万公顷,粮食总产量713.16万吨,其中春、夏、秋粮的产量所占比例如下图所示。与去年相比,
近来最常被演奏的15部歌剧中不包括19世纪德国作曲家瓦格纳的作品。尽管音乐出品人乐于制作观众想要的作品,而瓦格纳的作品却不在被频繁演出之列,但这并不能说明瓦格纳的作品不受欢迎,而是因为瓦格纳的歌剧的演出费用极其昂贵。下列哪一个,如果正确,最能支持上面的结论
最新回复
(
0
)