A、Africans are taught to be dependent on the aid from the West. B、Local markets are weakened everywhere by the aid. C、Huge burea

W: Mr. Shikwati, the G8 summit at Gleneagles is about to beef up the development aid for Africa...
M: ...for God’s sake, please just stop.
W: Stop? The industrialized nations of the West want to eliminate hunger and poverty.
M: Such intentions have been damaging our continent for the past 40 years. If the industrial nations really want to help the Africans, they should finally terminate this awful aid. The countries that have collected the most development aid are also the ones that are in the worst shape. Despite the billions that have poured in to
Africa, the continent remains poor.
W: Do you have an explanation for this paradox?
M: Huge bureaucracies are financed with the aid money, corruption and complacency are promoted, Africans are taught to be beggars and not to be independent. In addition, development aid weakens the local markets everywhere and dampens the spirit of entrepreneurship that we so desperately need. As absurd as it may sound: Development aid is one of the reasons for Africa’s problems. If the West were to cancel these payments, normal Africans wouldn’t even notice. Only the functionaries would be hard hit, which is why they maintain that the world would stop turning without this development aid.
W: Even in a country like Kenya, people are starving to death each year. Someone has got to help them.
M: But it has to be the Kenyans themselves who help these people. When there’s a drought in a region of Kenya, our corrupt politicians reflexively cry out for more help. This call then reaches the United Nations World Food Program—which is a massive agency of apparatchiks who are in the absurd situation of, on the one hand, being dedicated to the fight against hunger, while, on the other hand, being faced with unemployment were hunger actually eliminated. It’s only natural that they willingly accept the plea for more help. And it’s not uncommon that they demand a little more money than the respective African government originally requested. Then they forward that request to their headquarters, and before long, several thousands tons of corn are shipped to Africa...
W: ...corn that predominantly comes from highly-subsidized European and American farmers...
M: ...and at some point, this corn ends up in the harbor of Mombasa. A portion of the corn often goes directly into the hands of politicians who then pass it on to their own tribe to boost their next election campaign. Another portion of the shipment ends up on the black market where the corn is dumped at extremely low prices. Local farmers may as well put down their hoes right away; no one can compete with the UN’s World Food Program. And because the farmers go under in the face of this pressure, Kenya would have no reserves to draw on if there actually were a famine next year. It’s a simple but fatal cycle.
W: If the World Food Program didn’t do anything, the people would starve.
M: I don’t think so. In such a case, the Kenyans, for a change, would be forced to initiate trade relations with Uganda or Tanzania, and buy their food there. This type of trade is vital for Africa. It would force us to improve our own infrastructure, while making national borders—drawn by the Europeans by the way—more permeable. It would also force us to establish laws favoring market economy.
W: Would Africa actually be able to solve these problems on its own?
M: Of course. Hunger should not be a problem in most of the countries south of the Sahara. In addition, there are vast natural resources: oil, gold, diamonds. Africa is always only portrayed as a continent of suffering, but most figures are vastly exaggerated. In the industrial nations, there’s a sense that Africa would go under without development aid. But believe me, Africa existed before you Europeans came along. And we didn’t do all that poorly either.
11. What happened to the countries that have collected the most development aid?
12. There are many reasons why development aid is one of the reasons for Africa’s problems, according to Shikwati. Which of the following statements is not one of them?
13. What did Kenyan politicians do when there’s a drought in the region?
14. What would happen if the World Food Program did nothing, according to the woman?
15. There are some reasons why Shikwati believes Africa can solve these problems on its own. Which of the following is not one of them?