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  3. Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animal

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animal

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问题     Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.【B1】________
    Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
    【B2】______________Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
    【B3】________________There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
    【B4】________Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
    【B5】________
    About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
    A )  The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
    B ) Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
    C ) The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, was formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
    D) The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
    E) The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
    F ) When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
    G ) Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
【B1】
选项
答案B
解析 本题可以组合运用上下文逻辑关系定位法和复现结构定位法。第1题出现在第一段的段尾，即第1题中的信息需要承上启下，所以可以考虑使用上下文逻辑关系定位法来解此题，即首先分析第1题前后的原文已知信息，定位第1题前后文之间的具体逻辑关系。第1题之前的原文讲述了：Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today，others are now extinct，that is，they have no descendants alive now．(尽管一些动物是今天生物的祖先，但有一些是灭绝了，也就是说，今天它们已经没有后代存活了。)这段信息中的一个关键词是extinct(灭绝)，说明这些生物今天已经不存在了，既然灭绝了，按照正常推理，那么今天的人类是无法了解这些生物的。下文中的信息是：Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin，so that，apart from color，we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago．(这些化石偶尔可以将它们的外表展现出来，这样，除了颜色，我们就可以对那些数百万年前死掉的生物形成一个比较准确的印象。)显然没有出现按照上文的正常推理应该出现的结果，而是出现了与之完全相反的结果，所以上下文是明显的转折让步关系。这就意味着第1题必须填入一个表达转折让步关系的选项，才能把上下文正确地衔接起来。去后面7个选项中寻找哪个选项表达转折让步关系，可以看到选项B)的句首是表达转折让步关系的标志词nevertheless(然而，不过)，并且其他6个选项都不能表达出转折让步关系，这样选项B)自然成为唯一的答案。本题同时还可以运用复现结构定位法。在与第l题衔接的下一段的首句中，有这么一句话：Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin．这句话中出现了the rocks(岩石)这个信息点，而且这句话直接告诉“岩石偶尔可以把外表的形态表现出来”。The rocks这个概念在这里出现的十分突兀，所以我们可以合理推断这个概念在前面出现过，即上下文应该形成一个the rocks的复现结构。而在第1题之前的文章中又找不到the rocks这个概念，这就意味着the rocks的复现结构应该出现在第1题的信息之中，此时解出此题的一个方法就是去查找后面7个选项中哪个选项的信息包含了the rocks这个概念，并且能够说明为什么“岩石偶尔可以把外表的形态表现出来”。选项B)中说：…we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils．这句话不但出现了the rocks的复现结构，而且说明了“它们(古生物)的骨骼和外壳保存在岩石中形成化石”。这句话非常恰当地解释了第l题下一段中的very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin，这样选项B)中的信息与第1题下面这一段落中的信息就具有关联性，是可以形成上下文衔接的；虽然在其他选项，如C)、E)、G)中也可以找到the rocks这个复现点，但这些选项有关the rocks的信息均不能说明下文中的为什么“岩石偶尔可以把外表的形态表现出来”，所以答案为选项B)。
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