首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Theories of History I. How much we know about history? A. 【T1】______ exist for only a fraction of man’s time 【T1】______ B. The a
Theories of History I. How much we know about history? A. 【T1】______ exist for only a fraction of man’s time 【T1】______ B. The a
admin
2019-03-25
90
问题
Theories of History
I. How much we know about history?
A. 【T1】______ exist for only a fraction of man’s time 【T1】______
B. The accuracy of these records is often 【T2】______, 【T2】______
and 【T3】______often needs improvement. 【T3】______
II. Reconstruction of history before writing
A. being difficult because of the 【T4】______ of history to us 【T4】______
B. the most that we can do is: use 【T5】______ 【T5】______
and the knowledge of the habits of animals.
III. Theories about history
A Objective: impossible to 【T6】______ the beginning and 【T6】______
【T7】______the end of man’s story. 【T7】______
B. One theory believes that man continually 【T8】______. 【T8】______
—【T9】______ must be more intelligent and civilized 【T9】______
than his ancestors.
—Human race will evolve into a race of 【T10】______. 【T10】______
C. The second theory holds the man’s history is like a 【T11】______ 【T11】______
of development.
—Modern man is not 【T12】______. 【T12】______
—Modern man may be inferior to members of 【T13】______. 【T13】______
D. The third theory: Human societies 【T14】______ a cycle of stages, 【T14】______
but overall progress is 【T15】______in the long historical perspective. 【T15】______
【T11】
Theories of History
Good morning, class. Today’s lecture is mainly concerned with some theories of history.
How much of man’s history do we know? We really know very little, Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore, the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.
It is worse when we try to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because the history of the greatest discoveries, such as fire, the wheel and the sail, as well as the history of the early development of human society are lost to us. The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.
With our knowledge of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning and to deduce the end of the story of man. Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject, each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.
Now, let’s take a look at one of these theories, it is assumed that man continually progress. He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being, and he continues to evolve. This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials. If one holds this theory, one feels that modern man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors, as well as physically and morally superior to them. One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future. Here deduction often ends and dreams of Utopia begin, for it seems that most of us find it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels. All in all, as theory of history, the above view has had many eminent supporters.
It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past, and that things have gone straight downhill ever since. Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea, but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which make this theory less defendable. Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.
A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state. They see it as a cycle of stages of development, which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features. As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being, so also must it decline and fall. The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization. Man, according to this theory, is warlike in one stage of his history and humane in another. This is not due to individual human beings or to general progress, but rather to determining socioeconomic patterns that are not, as yet, understood. To holders of this theory, modern man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced. He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact, he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations. It all depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in. Indeed, it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past. While the staggering fund of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization, it is probably true that the average modern man, relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job, knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.
In a third theory of history, the two above theories are to some degree reconciled. According to this theory, which is often termed the spiral view of history, human societies do repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress is observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall, as the advocates of the second theory maintain, but the new civilization which replaces the first, usually by conquest, contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.
The above theories interpret history in term of the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiation within the social order. It is also possible to view human history in terms of the interaction of socioeconomic groups. Human history, according to this theory, is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle. Most people who hold this theory assume a resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of class differences, although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could continue unresolved. Those who assume that the struggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.
选项
答案
cycle of stages
解析
本题讲述的是第二种历史理论,认为人类历史是循环的发展,即a cycle of stages of development,由此可知答案为cycle of stages。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/EVEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
ShouldYouLearnThai?HereareeightfeaturesaboutThailanguagetohelpstudentsdecidewhethertheywanttolearnThaiorno
ResolvingConflictinaMulticulturalEnvironmentI.Definitionofculture—Cultureisagroupwhichshapesaperson’s【T1】_____
GlobalLanguageI.WHAT?Learnedandspokeninternationally【T1】______:【T1】______-thenumberofnativeandsecondlang
HowtoWriteaCollegeTermPaper?I.Tip1:Figureoutexactlywhattheprofessorwants.Read【T1】_____verycarefully.【T1】_
ThreeConceptsinArtHistoryI.Commonalities-Certainchunkof【T1】_____,【T1】______withinwhich【T2】_____wereshared【T2】_____
ThreeConceptsinArtHistoryI.Commonalities-Certainchunkof【T1】_____,【T1】______withinwhich【T2】_____wereshared【T2】_____
HowtoSolveResearchProblems?I.【T1】______【T1】______—Problem:hardtodeviseathesisortopic—Solutiona)Digestyournot
DifferencesBetweenChineseCulturesandAmericanCulturesI.GeneraldifferencesA.History—China:atraditionalcenturies-ol
在整顿和规范市场经济秩序中,依法严惩了假冒伪劣食品、药品等严重危害人民生命健康的犯罪活动,以及偷税骗税、金融诈骗、走私和传销等严重犯罪活动,维护了人民群众的合法权益。加大了查办和预防职务犯罪的力度,集中力量对贪污受贿犯罪的大案要案深挖严查,严厉惩处。对充当
最令人怵目惊心的一件事,是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下的移动,每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历,每天撕下一张就是表示我们寿命又缩短了一天,因为时间即生命,没有人不爱惜他的生命,但很少人珍视他时间。如果想在有生之
随机试题
一个人在心目中对自己的印象就是自我认知。()
但丁《神曲》中有两位重要的引导人物,其中象征着神学信仰的是()
下列实验不适用于评估心功能的是
被宣告________的犯罪分子,在_____考验期内犯新罪或者发现判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的,应当撤销________,对新犯的罪或者新发现的罪作出判决,把前罪和后罪所判处的刑罚.依照《刑法》第69条的规定,决定执行的刑罚。关于三个空格的填充
世界贸易组织的互惠、对等原则主要体现在:
被誉为意大利文艺复兴“三杰”的是()。
儿童强迫症的主要表现是强迫行为和强迫观念,前者多于后者。()
杜威所主张的教育思想被称作()。
“风雪夜归人”这五个字,是茫茫古典诗歌中最为_________的一句,你无论怎样都解不了其中那份美妙奇特的意境。真是千里万里,千世万世,它_________了无数的话语和思想,让世界上所有的表达都黯然失色,味同嚼蜡。依次填入画横线部分最恰当的一项是(
In1997,oftheunemployedmales20yearsofageorolder,whatpercentwereunemployedbecausetheyhadlosttheirjobs?
最新回复
(
0
)