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  3. Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

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问题     Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.【B16】________
    American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 【B17】________________
    In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 【B18】________
    Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 【B19】________________
    Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 【B20】________
    Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
    A ) Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
    B ) In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
    C ) He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
    D ) They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
    E ) Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
    F ) Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
    G ) For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【B16】
选项
答案C
解析 本填空出现在首段的段尾处，首先需要重点定位本填空之前的句子中的关键线索和已知信息。本填空之前的原文信息主要是提到了一位学者Her ben spencer和他的理论，而本填空之前的句子就是在阐述他的具体理论内容。我们根据就近原则，去7个待选项中确定哪个选项中的信息与本填空之前的原文已知信息具有最高的相近性，即哪个选项中的信息也是在核心探讨“进化、变革，并且进化的方向是臻于完美”。那我们就不难定为选项C)，这个选项中的主旨内容也是在阐述人类的进化，而且出现了关键线索词“survival of the fittest”，即“适者生存”，这个线索与本填空之前的原文主题信息是最为相近的信息，所以确定本题答案为选项C)。
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