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  3. When competition is fierce and elbows are flying, nothing is more natural than the desire to climb atop the heap. The biggest fi

When competition is fierce and elbows are flying, nothing is more natural than the desire to climb atop the heap. The biggest fi

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问题     When competition is fierce and elbows are flying, nothing is more natural than the desire to climb atop the heap. The biggest firms in most industries have an edge. They probably became the biggest by being the best. (46)They tend to become more efficient as they grow, reaping economies of scale, thus increasing their margins and their advantage over smaller rivals. Being large enough to shape an industry can help. And when the national champion is faltering, there is a fair chance politicians will consider it too big to fail.
    (47)So you might think that it’s time to crack open a few cans of the stuff at PepsiCo, which this week surpassed Coca-Cola in market value for the first time in 112 years of crazy competition. And yet, without wishing to spoil Pepsi’s party, the case for celebration is not so clear-cut. As America has discovered in the geopolitics business, being number one is not much fun.
    As soon as a firm climbs above the sharp elbows of its rivals, it starts getting pelted with the eggs of anti-business activists. People who hate big business aim high. (48)So while big, bad Wal-Mart is mocked, Target has in the past couple of years easily cut the benefits of its non-union workers. And when was the last time you saw an anti-globalization mob destroy a Burger King outlet?
    (49)Unlike Microsoft, which is loathed by many for its monopoly power, Apple has not had to contend with thousands of young hackers fighting to poke holes in the security of its operating systems. While Nike was inundated with complaints about its "sweat shops" in poor countries, Adidas steadily improved its brand, and has recently acquired Reebok to emerge as a strong number two. If only Ebenezer Scrooge had lived across town from a bigger rival, the ghosts of Christmas might have picked on the other guy, and left the poor curmudgeon to a good night’s sleep.
    As protesters get better at running media campaigns, the second-best advantage may even be growing. (50)Firms such as Ford, Burger King and Target do not have documentary-makers queuing up to attack them in such films as "Roger and Me" (General Motors), "Super Size Me" (McDonald’s) or "Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price". Even if the runner-up does get caught doing something unpopular, it can pin the blame on merciless competition from the evil number one.
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答案随着公司的成长，他们变得更加高效，从规模中获取经济效益，进而增加利润，培养战胜规模小一些的对手的优势。
解析 本句为主从复合句，主干结构是They tend to become more efficient，而as they grow是状语从句。分词短谙reaping economies of scale和increasing their margins and their advantage均为状语。翻译时注意词义具体化，使用增词法。economy原意为"经济，经济体"，由于前面谓语是reap，此处具体指"经济效益"。最后一部分their advantage前的谓语省略了increase，这里不能译成"增加"，需要引申为"培养"。此外，句中的代词they在翻译时应表明指代对象，此处是指前文中提到的firms。
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