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  3. In which article(s) does (do) the author(s) provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood? 【P1】__

In which article(s) does (do) the author(s) provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood? 【P1】__

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问题     In which article(s) does (do) the author(s)
    provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood?       【P1】________
    mention that when dealing with juvenile delinquents, both the young
    offenders and society should be protected?                                【P2】________         【P3】________
    present the view that youngsters in the developed countries face the
    same situation as their counterparts do in the developing countries?      【P4】________
    explore the root of juvenile delinquency?                                 【P5】________
    suggest that some youngsters are taken as offenders for crimes they
    have never committed?                                                     【P6】________
    advocate that children below a certain age should not be penalized for
    minor offences?                                                           【P7】________
    say that the juvenile justice system should aim at helping young people
    rather than simply punishing them?                                        【P8】________         【P9】________
    tell the reader that attempts have been made to prevent delinquents from
    becoming hardened criminals?                                              【P10】________
                                                A
    Impoverished young people experience society’s linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they " look" dangerous—not because they have broken any law.
    People don’t have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator; poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been "pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and became separated from family members or friends.
    At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someone’s pocket or barter the only thing they own—their bodies— for survival.
    In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every corner has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legitimate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trade’s easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers.
                                                B
    All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word—they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establish a minimum age below which young people " shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law"—in other words, an age below which they are too young to be responsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions.
    But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young: The age of criminal responsibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour.
    Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is designed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals.
    In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles—in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals.
                                                C
    There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster.
    The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the " Riyadh Guidelines”, recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that " avoid criminalizing and penalizing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others. " This statement sends a profound message; Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society—its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young people from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour.
    Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to personally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of "criminal".
【P10】
选项
答案C
解析 题目问的是“在哪篇文章中告诉作者有关部门为了阻止青少年犯罪演变成更加严重的犯罪已经做出了尝试。”根据C篇第三段倒数第二句“Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. ”，可知，经过努力，犯罪率降低了，避免了更深程度的犯罪，故选C。
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