首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structures. Earthlink gives Jennifer access
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structures. Earthlink gives Jennifer access
admin
2013-11-29
115
问题
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structures.
Earthlink gives Jennifer access to the Internet, much in the way than an onramp puts a driver on the national highway system. Earthlink is a local internet service provider, and it will send the【1】to an Internet "【2】provider", to route it along its way.
These Internet players typically own and lease long-haul fiber-optic cables spanning a large region. They also own the communications gear that directs【3】over the Internet. They connect to each other to exchange data between their customers, like the highway system over which most of the freight of the Internet travels to reach its【4】.
Now, instead of the National Science Foundation, there are many of them that-link together to provide the global【5】, that is the Internet.
The problem was, as the Internet grew, the public points became overburdened and traffic showed at these bottlenecks. So they started making arrangements with each other. And they aren’t changing peers now,but there is a lot of discussion about whether they should. And the industry has not figured out how to【6】who owes what to whom if fees should be changed.
Since the Internet was【7】, it has grown by leaps and bounds into a remarkably successful communications medium without government【8】--and most want to stay that way. But the Internet has matured to a point that more uniform rules are needed to【9】competition.
Those who can afford to pay the price can become peers. Peering would be determined by the【10】rather than by a private company with its own competitive interests.
How The Internet Works
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structure.
When Jennifer, who lives in Pasadena, Calif. , wants to send an E - mail message from her home computer to her mother in Washington, D. C. , she uses a local Internet service provider (ISP) such as Earthlink Network Inc. (EINK). Earthlink gives Jennifer access to the Internet, much in the way that an onramp puts a driver on the national highway system.
After Jennifer’s computer makes a local telephone call to Earthlink local bank of modems, Jennifer types in her E-mail message and hits" send". Based on Morn’s E - mail address, Earthlink will recognize that Morn is a cnstmer of an ISP in Washington called Erols Internet Inc. (RCNC). Earthlink will then send the E - mail to an Internet "backbone provider", such as GTE Gorp. (GTE), to route it along it way.
Backbone providers are the Internet players that typically own and lease long-haul fiber - optic cables spanning a large region. They also own the communications gear that directs traffic over the Internet. There are only a handful of major backbone providers, including MCI, Worldlom, Sprint Cop. ( FON), GTE, and PSINet Inc. (PSIX)
Backbone providers connect to each other to exchange data between their customers. They also pick up and deliver traffic for a fee from the 7000 or so smaller ISPs, who give residential and small-business users access to the Internet. Backbone carriers are like the highway system over which most of the freight of the Internet travels to reach its destination.
When the Internet was still a government - run system, there was only a single Internet backbone: the NSFNET, operated by the National Science Foundation, which connected the regional government -funded Internet networks that were run by various research universities. When the government privatized the NSFNET in 1995, companies such as MCI, UNNET Technologies (now owned by worldcom), BBN (Now owned by GTE), and PSINet stepped into the breach by setting up commercial Internet backbone services. New, instead of one NSFNET backbone, there are many of them that link together to provide the global connectivity, that is the Internet.
When the NSFNET was privatized, the government set up three locations in the U.S. where various Internet backbone companies could place their communications gear side by side and connect to each other. These so called "public peering points" are in Chicago, Palo Alto, Calif. , and Pennsauken, N. J. Later, the government sanctioned two industryrun public peering points called Metropolitan Access Exchange East and West - MAEEast, in Vienna, Va. , and MAE-West in San Jose,calif.
The problem was, as the Internet grew, the public points became overburdened and traffic slowed at these bottlenecks. So backbone providers started making arrangements with each other, called" private peening. "There are direct, bilateral connections between two carriers in which no fees are charged.
Backbone providers aren’t charging peers now, but there is a lot of discussion about whether they should. Most industry experts say the Internet needs to develop some payment scheme. After all,it is now a commercial, profit-making business, not a government free bie.
But the industry has not figured out how to calculate who owes what to whom. Without an industry standard or government regulation, smaller companies fear that larger ones will set these charges in an arbitrary and discriminatory fashion. There could be a lot of " cockamamie measurements," says Leonard kleinrock, an Internet thunder and computer science professor at the University of California at Los Angeles.
Since the Internet was privatized, it has grown by leaps and bounds into a remarkably successful communications medium without government regulation--and most want it to stay that way.
But the Internet has matured to a point that more uniform rules are needed to safeguard competition. As a first step, experts argue that backbone providers should have to disclose the criteria for becoming a peer. This would allow companies to see whether they are being discriminated against.
An industry group called the Global Internet Project - whose members include such major backbone providers as MCI, GTE, and AT&T--is developing a longer term solution. The group advocates a fair and public system under which all backbone providers would pay each other fer carrying Net traffic.
"We need a market mechanism to ensure peering for all," says Daniel Schulman, president of AT&T World Net Service, a project member. Many issues need to be worked out,including who would do the policing. Still, with a clear payment system, those who can afford to pay the price can become peers. Peering would be determined by the market rather than by a private company with its own competitive interests.
选项
答案
backbone
解析
backbone本为"the vertebrate sping or spinal column."本文意为"a main support,"原意为“动物脊椎”,本文为“主要支柱”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/M8ZO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
AccordingtoOxfordEnglishDictionary,bookis"awrittenorprintedtreatiseorseriesoftreatises,occupyingseveralsheets
Before1973,abortionwasillegalinAmericaunlessthewoman’shealthwasthreatened.InMarchof1970,JaneRoe,asinglewom
WilliamBlakewroteallthefollowingEXCEPT
The"rightearadvantage"means
______isagreatdemocraticpoetandthefirstgreatAmericanpoettousefreeverseinpoetry.
ThePilgrim’sProgressisthemostsuccessfulreligious______intheEnglishlanguage.
RecyclingTheconceptofgreenconsumerismhasgainedmomentumoverthelastdecade,andthepublichasbeeninfluencedand
Specialistscallthefeelingswhichpeopleexperiencewhentheycometoanewenvironmentcultureshock.Therearethreestages
Betweenabout1920to1930,newartisticmovementsinEuropean【M1】______artweremakingthemselvesfeltintheUnitedStates
WhichofthefollowingisthemostfamouspoliticalpamphletofThomasPaine?
随机试题
男孩,5岁,洗澡时不慎被热水烫伤头面颈、双上肢及躯干,其父母未做特殊处理即把患儿送来院急诊。入院时患儿哭闹,心率160次/分;局部创面情况:创面分布于头面颈、双上肢以及胸背部,布满大小不等水疱,部分表皮脱落,基底呈红白相间,渗出较多。患儿应立即接受的抢
某轻度脱水患儿行液体疗法,在补充累积损失量时应补充的液体量为
《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》(GB50500—2013)规定,招标时用于合同约定调整因素出现时的工程材料价款调整的费用应计入()中。
仲裁协议的内容不包括()。
【背景资料】 某堤防除险加固工程依据《堤防和疏浚工程施工合同范本》签订了施工合同,施工内容包括防洪闸及堤防加固。其中经承包人申请、监理单位批准,发包人同意将新闸门的制作及安装由分包单位承担。合同约定: (1)当实际完成工程量超过工程量清单估算工程量时,
保险的作用是保险职能实现的结果,是保险职能在国民经济中产生的()
《国务院关于大力推进信息化发展和切实保障信息安全的若干意见》明确了到“十二五”末我国信息化发展的目标,以下表述错误的是()。
1955年我进入南开大学历史学系读书,老师告诉我们治史有“三求”:求真、求新、求用。到现在,我在史学园地已经耕耘60多年,对“三求”有了一些自己的体会,特别是认识到,学术研究不能照搬照抄、跟在别人后面________,而应在独立思考精神的观照下进行研究,这
公安机关权力的特许性。即法律规定的公安权力,只准公安机关及其人民警察使用,其他任何机关、团体和个人均无权使用这些权力。()
抗日战争时期中国共产党制定的陕甘宁边区土地法规主要内容包括()。
最新回复
(
0
)