2. 考研
  3. A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

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问题 A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.
B ) Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C ) None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D ) Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions— like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
E ) In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "there is only one way... to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it." This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F ) These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win—in one way.
G ) There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell, "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
Order:
【B11】→【B12】→F→【B13】→【B14】→C→【B15】
【B12】
选项
答案D
解析 本填空是文章的第二段，首先需要重点分析文章首段E的信息，首段E出现了标志词“but”，说明本段(也是本文全文)的主旨观点其实是but之后的信息，而且but之后的信息出现了主题词“a mistaken view of arguments”，说明全文此后应该是围绕“a mistaken view of arguments”展开论述的。据此，在其余四个选项中逐一进行对比定位，如下：选项A开头出现了指代概念的“These tools”，而全文首段E没有提及tools的概念，上下文无法构成有效指代关系，予以排除。选项B开头出现了“so successful”，而全文首段E没有提及successful的概念，上下文无法构成有效指代关系，予以排除。至此，本题答案只能在选项D和选项G之间进行选择。从表面上看，选项G似乎是有些道理的，因为选项G的首句是“There is a better way to win arguments”，而首段E的首句则是Dale Carnegie wrote：“there is only one way…to get the best of all argument-一and that is to avoid it，这两个句子之间有明显的比较呼应关系。但如果进一步去对比选项D，会发现选项D的段落信息与首段E的信息衔接更为紧密，选项D的开头直接以简称的方式提及了Carnegie，并且是在继续阐述Carnegie提出的观点。考虑到全文首段E提出了Dale Carnegie的一个观点并分析了这个观点存在的问题，接下来，选项D的信息是继续分析Carnegie的观点存在的问题，而选项G的信息是重新提出一种更好的(超越Carnegie的)新观点。从信息的相近度上看选项D的信息与首段E更为相近。同时，选项D的段末出现的“This kind of thinking”指的就是首段E中首句Dale Carnegie提出的观点，即“there is only one way…to get the best of an argument—and that is to avoid”，这是明显的上下文的复现呼应。综合上述判断，选项D是本题的答案。
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