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  3. Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

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问题     Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
    No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
    A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate and reflect on the wider geo logical picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the wide spread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
    Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
选项 A、sociology and chemistry
B、physics and psychology
C、sociology and psychology
D、physics and chemistry
答案D
解析 短文第二段的最后一句话说：这一趋势指前面所述"十九世纪学科的职业化(professionalisation)使得从事科研活动的非专业人员(amateurs)面临越来越大的困难"在以数学训练和实验室训练为依托的科学领域中显得尤为突出。因此，考生在对这四个选项进行选择时，应按照一般常识进行判断：相比之下，哪两个学科的科研活动更离不开数学方面的训练或实验室方面的训练。一般来说，自然科学应更需要数学知识和实验室的训练，所以该题应选择"物理学和化学"。
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