首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2015-05-24
94
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments." The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of Uttering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
According to experimental economists,
选项
A、more money is offered, fewer people donate blood.
B、economic incentives may run in the opposite direction.
C、a decreasing number of people donate blood for charity.
D、economic incentives clash with "the moral sentiments".
答案
B
解析
事实细节题。根据experimental economists定位到第三段。该段列举献血者的例子,说明当“道德情操”被破坏时用经济奖励去激励自愿行为会带来反效果,故不难推断B项为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/PN74777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Intelligencequotients(IQs)testingiscontroversialandregardedbysomeasacrudeindicatorofabilityorpotential.Whenco
Inthe1960spopwasayoungperson’sbusiness.Buttodayageisnobarriertosuccess.TheRollingStonesarestilltouringin
Ofallthecutstopublicservices,fewhaveprovokedsuchloudprotestsasproposalstocloselibraries.Petitionsandcursesh
EveryonecomplainsthatcorporateAmericais【C1】______tohireadditionalworkers.Far【C2】______attentionhasbeenpaidtothefl
AccordingtoarecentGallupWorldPoll,1.1billionpeople,orone-quarteroftheearth’sadults,wanttomovetemporarilytoa
AccordingtoarecentGallupWorldPoll,1.1billionpeople,orone-quarteroftheearth’sadults,wanttomovetemporarilytoa
Reagan’sPoliticalPurposePoliticalplatformsareusuallywrittenforelectioncampaignpurposes,thenquicklyscrappedaft
Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeverysciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary,thefunctionof【C1】______ispartlyto【C2】_
Thedyingsoldierhadthemessage______straighttotheheadquarters.
Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s____.TheUSpopulationi
随机试题
《故事新编》是鲁迅先生以________为题材创作的一部短篇小说集。
处方书写中,缩写词“bid.”表示
A.削痂植皮术B.大张全厚皮片移植术C.切痂自体微粒皮移植异体皮覆盖术D.切痂后整张中厚自体皮肤移植术E.脱痂植皮术
除麦冬、石斛外,下列不属于清暑益气汤药物组成的是
纳税人采取折扣销售方式销售货物的,如果销售额和折扣额在同一张发票上分别注明的,可按折扣后的余额作为销售额计算增值税;如果将折扣额另开发票,不论其在财务上如何处理,均不得从销售额中减除折扣额。()
面对近年来原材料、劳动力等价格上升的压力,我国沿海某服装出口企业,把生产环节转移到劳动力、土地等生产要素具有优势的内陆地区,并致力于产品研发、品牌设计和营销推广,从而大大提高了产品出口竞争力。该企业竞争力提高的因素有()。①调整经营战略,利用
社会生活的变化多样,使得任何一种规则体系都不能够不加变化地_________;反过来文明社会的错综复杂.也不能仅靠抽象原则与模糊观念来_________。填入画横线部分最恰当的一项是:
条件充分性判断:A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和(2)联合起来充分D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和(
Aisforalwaysgettingtoworkontime.Bisforbeingextremelybusy.Cisfortheconscientious(勤勤恳恳的)wayyoudoyo
Inalmostallchemical-processplants,heatis______byburningoffossilfuels—coal,oil,ornaturalgas.
最新回复
(
0
)