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  3. Many philosophers, both Western and Eastern, agree that there are two major problems of induction. The first is the lack of cert

Many philosophers, both Western and Eastern, agree that there are two major problems of induction. The first is the lack of cert

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问题     Many philosophers, both Western and Eastern, agree that there are two major problems of induction. The first is the lack of certainty of conclusions drawn by means of induction that is inherent in inductive methods. The second is the extent to which we humans ignore the important issue of whether we are justified in believing something that is based only on inductively derived conclusions. This is art important issue both scientifically and socially. Any jury decision, for example, is arrived at by inductive means from evidence presented by prosecutors relying on police who arrested suspects based on their own use of inductive techniques. We sometimes make irrevocable decisions, for example, putting someone to death, based on inductive reasoning( and in at least 70 cases in the past decade, evidence not presented at the trial cleared people so sentenced: in some cases after they had been executed). Thus, in using induction as a method, many philosophers warn us to proceed with extreme caution.
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答案 许多中西方的哲学家都认为归纳主要存在两个问题。第一，通过归纳法得出的结论具有不确定性，这是归纳法内在的问题。第二，对于基于归纳导出的结论我们是否能公正地去相信是很重要的，但我们对这一事情忽视的程度有多少?在科学和社会中，这是一个艺术的问题。例如，陪审团的任何决定都是归纳检察官提供的证据得出的，而这些证据又依靠根据自己的归纳法抓获嫌犯的警察。例如，有时我们基于归纳论证做出无法挽回的决定，如判某人死刑(过去10年中，没能在审判中呈现的证据证明了至少有70个案子中犯人是清白的：这些案子中，有的人已被处决。)因此，许多哲学家警告，在使用归纳法时，我们一定要极度谨慎。
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