首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
When is it permissible to tell a lie? Never, according to Augustine and Kant. Machiavelli approved lying for princes, Nietzsche
When is it permissible to tell a lie? Never, according to Augustine and Kant. Machiavelli approved lying for princes, Nietzsche
admin
2023-03-22
23
问题
When is it permissible to tell a lie? Never, according to Augustine and Kant. Machiavelli approved lying for princes, Nietzsche for the exceptional hero—the Superman. Most other philosophers, and ordinary folk, are less certain, allowing some lies, but not others. After some 2,500 years of moral speculation, says Philosopher Sissela Bok, mankind is still trying to work out ground rules for acceptable lying.
1. Mental reservation as a type of lying.
In her new book, Lying, Bok traces the history of convoluted arguments on the subject. For in-stance, casuists invented the "mental reservation."
2. Casual lying frequently used in America.
Most norms on lying, Bok writes, grow out of elaborate moral systems of thought that "are often elegant in operation, noble in design. But when we have to make difficult concrete moral choices, they give us little help." In the absence of clear social guidelines, casual lying has become entrenched in America,
3. Lying accepted in academic circle.
Bok also argues that lying is now an accepted part of many professions, including law and the behavioral sciences.
4. Lying in journalism.
Bok sees problems in journalism too. Those lies reported on TV or newspapers, she maintains, were not clearly necessary and may encourage other reporters to use such tactics routinely. Reporters Bernstein and Woodward, however, seemed untroubled by "the whole fabric of deception".
5. Should political lies be approved?
By this standard, she argues, political lies are rarely justifiable. "If government duplicity is to be al-lowed in exceptional cases," Bok concludes, "the criteria for these exceptions should themselves be openly debated and publicly chosen. Otherwise government leaders will have free rein to manipulate and distort the facts." Then what kinds of lies should be permitted? Bok’s answer only those approved in advance by the general public.
Bok feels that doctors should stop virtually all lying to patients, universities should root out fraudulent and deceptive research, and government officials should be expected to stick to the truth. Her point: the public is now so cynical about being lied to that only extraordinary efforts to avoid lying will restore a feeling of trust. Or, as Mark Twain once observed, "Always do right. This will gratify some people, and astonish the rest."
[A] For instance, they used to uncover the Watergate scandal.
[B] Social Psychologist Jerald Jellison estimates that the average American outstrips Pinocchio by telling 200 lies a day, including white lies and false excuses ("Sorry I’m late. I was tied up at the office").
[C] The use of unmarked police cars is one example of socially approved deception.
[D] For instance, Grotius said that speaking falsely to an intruder is not a lie. This, Bok suggests, would be something like knocking a man to the ground, then explaining that you did not hit him because he had no right to be there.
[E] In a typical experiment in social psychology, for example, a subject is misled about the aims of the study to see how he reacts under pressure.
[F] The phrase can be best interpreted by this example: "Mr. Smith is not in today"—a lie that is magically transformed into a truth by adding the unspoken thought "to you."
【D1】→【D2】→【D3】→【D4】→【D5】
【D7】
选项
答案
B
解析
小标题点明了本段主旨:美国人经常撒谎。各选项中,只有B提及美国人说谎的相关信息,其中的average American…telling 200 lies a day表明美国人说谎频繁,解释了文中说的“随口扯谎的行为已深深扎根于美国人的日常生活当中”(casual lying…entrenched…)。故选B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/S7MD777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Skepticsofhighereducationoftencomplainthatuniversitiesoffertoomanyboringdegreeswithlittlevalueintheworkplace.【
Skepticsofhighereducationoftencomplainthatuniversitiesoffertoomanyboringdegreeswithlittlevalueintheworkplace.【
Aworldwithoutmanagersisaniceidea.Butteamsneedleaders,irrespectiveofthequalityofthepeopleincharge.Someoneha
Doesthelanguagewespeakdeterminehowhealthyandrichwewillbe?NewresearchbyKeithChenofYaleBusinessSchoolsuggest
Doesthelanguagewespeakdeterminehowhealthyandrichwewillbe?NewresearchbyKeithChenofYaleBusinessSchoolsuggest
Asageneralrule,AmericanmenearnmorethanAmericanwomen.Thisholdstrueacrossindustries,acrosseducationlevels,anda
Successinmanufacturingdependsonphysicalthings:creatingthebestproductusingthebestequipmentwithcomponentsassemble
Evenifitweretopass,anairlinepassengerbillofrightsisn’tgoingtosavemosttravelersfromenduringdelaysattheairp
随机试题
【背景资料】某机电安装公司通过竞标承担了某工厂的设备、管道安装工程。为兑现投标承诺,该公司通过质量策划,编制了施工组织设计和相应的施工方案,并建立了现场质量保证体系,制定了检验试验卡,要求严格执行三检制。工程进入后期,为赶工期,采用加班加点的办法加快管道
甘蔗可生产甲醇。()
甲公司为增值税一般纳税人,增值税税率为17%。生产中所需w材料按实际成本核算,采用月末一次加权平均法计算和结转发出材料成本。2008年6月1日,w材料结存1400千克,账面余额385万元,未计提存货跌价准备。甲公司2008年6月份发生的有关w材料业务如下:
钢结构中采用的主要钢材是()。
钢柱基础进行垫层中线投点采用正倒镜法,所用的测量仪器是()。
保证人和债权人应当在合同中约定保证责任期问,双方没有约定的,从借款企业偿还借款的期限届满之日起的()个月内,债权银行应当要求保证人履行债务,否则保证人可以拒绝承担保证责任。
根据个人所得税法律制度的规定,下列各项中,关于“次”的说法正确的有()。
将一枚硬币重复掷n次,以X和Y分别表示正面向上和反面向上的次数,则X和Y的相关系数等于
Thegreatchariotofsociety,whichforsolonghadrundownthegentleslopeoftradition,nowfounditselfpoweredbyaninterna
Jeancouldbeaveryattractivegirlbutshe________toherclothes.
最新回复
(
0
)