首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
admin
2010-08-21
41
问题
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason and "talk". Hans had been trained by a math teacher, Mr. Osten, to communicate by tapping forefoot and moving his head. A head nod meant yes, and a shake suggested no. Mr. Osten developed a code for verbal information in which each letter was represented by a pair of numbers. The letter A was coded as one tap, pause, one tap, and the letter I was three taps, pause, two taps. Once Hans learned to tap his foot or move his head. when questioned, he was given simple problems and then fed a piece of bread or carrot for correct responses. By the end of his training, Hans could spell words, and he excelled in math. He became a hero in Germany — his picture was on wine bottles and toys.
An official commission examined the horse, testing him to see if he really did all the things claimed. They came away very impressed and issued a statement that there was no evidence of any intentional influence or aid on the part of Hans’ questioners.
But there was one scientist who was not so sure that Hans was as intelligent as he had been portrayed. Oskar Pfungst, a sharp observer, had detected that Hans always faced his questioners. Pfungst hypothesized that this might have something to do with his math ability. The scientist set up a very simple experiment. He wrote numbers on a card and held them up one at a time, asking Hans to tap out the numbers written on each card. Half of the cards were held so that only Hans, not Pfungst himself, could see. Hans was his usual brilliant self, getting 92% of them correct. But for the numbers Pfungst could not see, Hans was no longer a brilliant horse, getting 8% correct.
Pfungst repeated the experiment over and over again with nearly the same results. He observed Hans with his other questioners. As soon as they stated the problem to Hans, most questioners would turn their head and upper body slightly. When the correct number of foot taps had been made by Hans, the questioner would move his head upward. Despite his years of work with the horse, Mr. Osten had never dreamed that Hans had learnt to "read" him. He felt angry and betrayed by the horse.
Thus we can see that experts sometimes can be wrong and that what sometimes seems to be the troth may be a false impression. Even experts can be fooled if they don’t make appropriate use of research procedures to check their observations.
According to the passage, Hans, the horse, could "communicate" with people with his ______ .
选项
答案
foot,head and eyes
解析
根据第一段可知,Hans会用前足点地、点头摇头进行交流;根据第三段可知,Hans还能“看”懂题板上写的数字,说明Hans也能用眼睛交流。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Te7K777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Childrenare【C1】______seriousillnessesbecauseoftheirparentssmokingathome,saysthegovernment’schiefmedicalofficer,
Childrenare【C1】______seriousillnessesbecauseoftheirparentssmokingathome,saysthegovernment’schiefmedicalofficer,
A、Holdherbreath.B、Nottobeannoyed.C、Notsayinganything.D、Makefurthersuggestions.C语义理解题。女士说:“我应该告诉他们不要在这些没有意义的事情上浪费钱财
GreenhouseEffectⅠ.IntroductionGreenhouseEffect,thecapacityofcertaingasesintheatmospheretotrapheatemittedfr
Acountryissaidtobecomemoreurbanizedasitscitiesgrowinnumber,itsurbanpopulationsincreaseinsize,andtheproport
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldw
TheWhiteHousebegantobebuiltin1792,butitwasnotcompleteduntiltenyearslater.EveryAmericanpresidentlivedinit
Jerrywasthekindofguywhowasalwaysinagoodmoodandalwayshadsomethingpositivetosay.Whensomeonewouldaskhimhow
A、Becauseitaffectedthepricesthatfarmerscouldreceivefortheircrops.B、Becauseitdecreasedthepoweroftherailroadst
DivorceForevery1,000marriedcouplesintheUK,13endupdivorcedaccordingtostatistics.Divorceisoftenacomplicat
随机试题
灌注鼻饲液的适宜温度为
在甲型肝炎病程中哪期传染性最强
成品牙与雕刻蜡牙相比,优点是
下列物权中,属于动产物权的是()。
影响商业银行违约损失率的因素有很多,清偿优先性属于()。
设立私募基金时,是否签订了保本付息条款足确认是否构成非法集资的主要认定标准,其形式不限于货币。()
一、注意事项1.申论考试,与传统作文考试不同,是对分析驾驭材料的能力与对表达能力并重的考试。2.作答参考时限:阅读资料奶分钟,作答110分钟。3.仔细阅读给定的资料,按照后面提出的“申论要求”依次作答。二、给定资料材料一
书:文字:笔画
下列描述中正确的是( )。
在窗体上画一个名称为List1的列表框,列表框中显示若干城市的名称。当单击列表框中的某个城市名时,该城市名消失。下列在List1_Click事件过程中能正确实现上述功能的语句是
最新回复
(
0
)