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  3. Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and

Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and

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问题     Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and experiences. Associationists argued that mental contents could be studied by noting the links of similarity, contrast and proximity which exist in an individual’s thought and behavior patterns. Pavlov’s notion of conditioning is itself base on the associationist theory that one stimulus becomes associated with another. If a bell is rung each time a dog is given food, the dog will become conditioned to salivate on hearing the bell ring, despite the absence of food.
    First used to investigate the differences in cognitive styles, word-association tests became a sensitive instrument for the detection of emotional concerns.
    In a word-association test, a subject is presented with a list of about 100 words as stimuli. Each word is chosen by the tester and the subject is required to respond with the first word that comes into his or her mind on hearing the stimulus word. The tester notes the subject’s response time for each of the words with the use of a chronometer.
    It is argued that if the subject is emotionally indifferent to a stimulus word, the response time for the reaction is very short. If, on the other hand, the stimulus word carries emotional significance for the subject, the response time is likely to be significantly longer. In addition, reactions to significant words may also include hesitation, stuttering, involuntary movement or other symptoms of disturbance.
    Jung, who used word-association tests in the early part of his career, showed that family members, in particular mothers and daughters and husbands and wives, exhibited similar responses to the same stimulus words. He argued that this indicated a failure to achieve individuation and was indicative of the potentially negative dynamics that exist in family relationships.
    In a test carried out by Donald D. Jaffe, a pioneer of word-association tests, a subject was observed to exhibit delay and disturbance in response to the words "friend", "bottle", and "fight". Jaffe suggested that the subject had been involved in a drunken fight with a friend in which a window had been broken. The subject admitted that such an experience had, indeed, taken place and that the friend had asked the subject to pay for the damages resulting from injuries he had received.
Jaffe’s experiment shows that______.
选项 A、the word-association test is very powerful
B、word-association tests can be used only for assessing unpleasant experiences
C、the subject was an aggressive man
D、the friend was right in asking the subject to pay for the injuries
答案A
解析 事实细节题。根据题干中的Jaffe将本题出处定位于文章最后一段。该段提到，在贾菲进行的一次词联想测试中，研究对象在听到词语“朋友”“瓶子”和“打架”时回应表现出延迟和困扰。贾菲认为研究对象曾酒后与朋友打架，还打碎了窗户。研究对象承认确实发生过这样的事。这个例子体现了词联想测试的有效性，故答案为[A]项。[B]项属于无中生有，故排除，[C]项属于过度推断，故排除。文中仅提到研究对象的朋友要求他赔偿受伤的损失，没有评价这个要求的对错，故排除[D]项。
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