首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
This is the golden age of medical research. And many medical discoveries have made real differences to the lives of many people,
This is the golden age of medical research. And many medical discoveries have made real differences to the lives of many people,
admin
2013-09-16
52
问题
This is the golden age of medical research. And many medical discoveries have made real differences to the lives of many people, but could the research be done better?
【F1】
It seems self-evident that we should encourage high-quality work, but what makes for high quality is a matter of opinion, which hardens over the years into an arbitrary belief on the assumption that the most established and most respectable got there for a reason, so if one wishes their good opinion then one should do as they did.
Take experiments that use animals to model human diseases. Empirical study of the quality of these experiments is an emerging field, but it does suggest that all is not well. The most reliable animal studies are those that: use randomization to eliminate systematic differences between treatment groups; induce the condition under investigation without knowledge of whether or not the animal will get the drug of interest; and assess the outcome in a blinded fashion. Studies that do not report these measures are much more likely to overstate the efficacy of interventions.
In the face of pressures to reduce the number of animals used, investigators often do studies that are too small to detect a significant effect.【F2】
To guard against such ’ underpowered ’ studies, researchers should calculate the number of animals required to have a reasonable chance of detecting the anticipated effect given the expected change of the data.
Fewer than one in one hundred such publications report sample-size calculations.
Fewer still define beforehand the most important outcome.【F3】
As a result, they tend to report only the outcomes that happen to show statistical significance, reducing a rigorous, hypothesis-testing experiment to something more like observational research.
The tendency to publish only positive results is another flaw in animal research. Such bias not only prevents scientists from getting credit for high-quality research that happens to be neutral, but also gives a false impression of efficacy.【F4】
As long as cheap, underpowered studies are more likely to have exciting positive(if false)results than expensive, well conducted, large studies — and as long as journals don’t seem to know the difference — the pressure will remain to do what everyone else does.
So we need to change the rules. If publication in high impact journals continues to be a yardstick, then the review process must do much more to assess bias. There must also be better ways to publish neutral studies【F5】
At the very least, we should look for ways to register all experiments — so that investigators can receive credit for work done and so that those seeking to summarize what is known have access to all relevant data.
【F5】
选项
答案
至少,我们应寻求途径以将所有研究记录在案——这样研究者可以获得工作上的认可而那些试图总结已知研究的人也可以查询相关数据。
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/YBO4777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
TheauthorwoulddescribetheReisses’lifeasInDarrah’sopinion,peopleshould
Untilthelate1940s,whentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomes,companiesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotop
Baghdad,Iraq—If,intime,theattempttoimplantapro-Western,democraticpoliticalsysteminIraqendsupburiedinthedeser
AnunendingflowofprivateandpubliccriticismsuggeststhatthepeopleoftheUnitedStatessuffer【C1】______government,natio
FivemonthsAlater,inBitsJuly13Ccopy,NewsweekalsopublishedalongarticleDonStephenHawking.
Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicp
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarter,we(1)_____howmanystonesin
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarter,we(1)_____howmanystonesin
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarter,we(1)_____howmanystonesin
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarter,we(1)_____howmanystonesin
随机试题
Whatisintelligenceanyway?WhenIwasinthearmyIreceivedanintelligencetestthatallsoldierstook,and,againsta(n)【C1
DNA复制时,不需要
根据《药品说明书和标签管理规定》规定,有效期表述形式错误的是
下列工程索赔事项中,属于发包人向承包人索赔的有()。
某水利工程,施工单位按招标文件中提供的工程量清单作出报价见表1F420140—6。施工合同约定:工程预付款为合同总价的20%,单独支付;从工程款累计总额达到合同总价10%的月份开始,按当月工程进度款的30%扣回,扣完为止;施工过程中发生的设计变更,采用以
设备安装基准线是根据施工图按()来确定设备安装的纵横中心线。
在第七届村委会选举中,张家湾共有1548名村民参加了选举。从选举结果看,有少数选民投了部分候选人的票,有些候选人获得了大部分选民的选票,还有极少数选民投了所有候选人的票。所有候选人都认可选举结果,张家湾村民对新当选的村委会成员都比较满意。由此可见,在张家湾
SQL语言具有对数据定义、查询、操作和______等4个方面的功能。
在考生文件夹下,“samplaccdb”数据库文件中已建立两个表对象(名为“员工表”和“部门表”)。试按以下要求,完成表的各种操作:分析两个表对象“员工表”和“部门表”的构成,判断其中的外键,并将外键字段名称存入所属表的属性说明中。
Starvationofthespiritcannotbeseenonthescaleorinthebottomofatoiletbowl.Itlurksintheholloweyesofaperson
最新回复
(
0
)