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  3. It is a well-known fact that there are constant conflicts among different groups of people, and that people tend to blame their

It is a well-known fact that there are constant conflicts among different groups of people, and that people tend to blame their

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问题     It is a well-known fact that there are constant conflicts among different groups of people, and that people tend to blame their misfortunes on some outside other groups for their misfortunes. What are the causes of group prejudice? There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear: in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other, and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid social and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their own group is being left behind.
    Once prejudice develops, it is hard to stop, because there are often social forces at work which actively encourage unfounded attitudes of hostility and fear towards other groups. One such force is education: we all know that children can be taught history in such a way as to perpetuate old hatreds and old prejudices between racial and political groups. Another social influence that has to be reckoned with is the pressure of public opinion. People often think and act differently in groups from the way that they would do as individuals; it takes a considerable effort of will, and often calls for great courage, to stand out against one’s fellows and insist they are wrong.
    Why is it that we hear so much more about the failures of relationships between communities than we do about the successes? I am afraid it is partly due to the increase in communications which radio, television and the popular press have brought about. In those countries where the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, they tend to measure success by the size of their audience; and people are more likely to buy a newspaper, for instance, if their attention is caught by something dramatic, something sensational, or something that arouses their anxiety. The popular press flourishes on "scare headlines", and popular orators, especially if they are politicians addressing a relatively unsophisticated audience, know that the best way to arouse such an audience is to frighten them.
    Where there is a real or imaginary threat to economic security, this is especially likely to inflame group prejudice. It is important to remember economic factors if we wish to lessen group prejudice, because unless they are dealt with squarely it will be little use simply persuading people not to be prejudiced against other groups whom they see as their rivals, if not their enemies.
What does "they" in the sentence "they tend to measure success by the size of their audience" (Para. 3) refer to?
选项 A、Communications.
B、The media of mass communication.
C、Commercial enterprises.
D、The countries.
答案D
解析 词义题。文章第三段指出，为什么我们听到的有关群体间关系破裂的例子比关系融洽的例子要多得多呢?我认为，部分原因是由于广播电台、电视台以及主流新闻等所导致的思想交流增加的缘故；在那些大众传播媒体商业企业的国家，人们往往把观众的数量作为衡量成功的标准。这说明，该单词指的应该是“国家”。这与D项的意思相符。A、B和C都与文章的意思不符。  
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