首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Researching the origin of medieval manus
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Researching the origin of medieval manus
admin
2014-11-08
108
问题
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Researching the origin of medieval manuscripts
Background
Medieval manuscripts—handwritten books produced between the fifth and fifteenth centuriee
Origin of many manuscripts unknown until 2009; scientists started using PNA testing
Animal hides—two types
Parchment
Sheep skin: white in colour and 【L31】______
Greasy—writing cant be erased so often used for 【L32】______
Vellum
Calf skin: most popular for prestigious work because you can get 【L33】______lettering.
Preparation of hides
Treated in barrels of lime—where this was not available, skins were 【L34】______(removed hair → more flexible)
Stretched tight on a frame
Scraped to create same 【L35】______
Vellum was 【L36】______.—for correct colour
Genetic testing—finding origins
Previously—analysed handwriting and 【L37】______used by the writer
Now—using genetic data from ’known manuscripts’ to create a【L38】’______’
Uses of new data
Gives information on individual books
Shows the 【L39】______of the book industry
Helps define 【L40】______in medieval period
【L39】
Narrator: You will hear a historian giving a presentation about techniques to identify the origin of hand-written books from the middle ages. First you have some time to look at Questions 31-40. Now listen, and answer Questions 31-40.
Historian: My presentation today is on how the science of genetics is being used to shed light on the origin of manuscripts—anything written by hand—produced in the medieval period ... that is ... the period between the fifth and fifteenth centuries AD.
As many of you know, thousands of medieval handwritten books still exist today. Some of them have a clear provenance, that is, we know exactly where and when they were written, but the origin of many manuscripts has been a complete mystery, that is, until two thousand and nine when geneticists started using DNA testing to shed light on their origins.
But before looking at the new research, I need to explain something about the way the manuscripts were produced—particularly what they were written on. Virtually all Were written on treated animal skins and there were essentially two types. The first was parchment, which is made of sheep skin. It has the quality of being very white but also being thin. It has a naturally greasy surface which meant it was hard to erase writing from it. This made it much sought after for court documents in medieval times.
The second type is vellum, which is calf skin. This was most often used for any very ’high-status’ documents because it provided the best writing surface so scribes could achieve lettering of high quality.
So, once the animal hides had been chosen, they had to be prepared. Where the right materials were on hand, the skins were put into large barrels or vats of lime, where they were agitated or stirred frequently. But if lime wasn’t available, then the hides were buried. Both these techniques were designed to cause the hair to slough off, and the skins to become gelatinous and therefore more flexible.
The next stage was to put the hides on stretcher frames and pull them very tight. While on the frame they were scraped with a moon-shaped knife in order to create a ’ uniform thickness. For parchment, that was the end of the process, but for vellum there was an additional stage where it was bleached, in order to achieve the desired colour.
Historian: So, what does all this preparation mean for the quest to identify the origins of ’mystery’ manuscripts? Well, until recently the only way historians and other academics were able to guess at origins was either through the analysis of the handwriting style, or from the dialect in which the piece was written. But these techniques have proven unreliable, for a number of reasons.
It was thus decided to try to look at the problem from a different angle ... to start from what is known, that is, the small number of manuscripts whose origins we do already know. Because these parchments and vellum are both made from animal hides, it was possible to subject them to DNA testing and to identify the genetic markers for the date and location of production. From this was created what is known as a ’baseline’. The next stage was to test the mystery manuscripts, finding their DNA characteristics and then making comparisons between the known and the mystery scripts. Genetic similarities and differences enabled the scientists to gain more information about the origins of the many manuscripts we had known virtually nothing about up to that point.
Now you might ask—what are the potential uses of this new information? Well, obviously, it can shed light on the origin of individual books and manuscripts. But that’s not all. It can also shed light on the evolution of the whole of the manuscripts production industry in medieval times. And because that was such a thriving business, involving very large-scale movements right across the globe, the new data, in turn, help historians establish which trade routes were in operation during the whole millennium.
Now if anyone has any questions...
选项
答案
evolution
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/aeAO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思听力题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思听力
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Inthelatenineteenthcentury,artcriticsregardedseventeenth-centuryDutchpaintingsasdirectreflectionsofreality.Thep
Accordingtoancientrecords,thefirstsalestaxthatthegovernmentofSeleaimposedwasataxoftwocentimacoinsoneveryj
IntroductionandInterview(4-5minutes)Introduction(compulsory)Interview(choose1)Let’stalkaboutwhereyoul
IntroductionandInterviewInterview(choose1)Let’stalkaboutwhereyoulive.Doyouliveinamodemcityoran
Whydidyouchoosethatcareer?
Describeanimportantletteryouwrotetosomeone.Youshouldsay:whenyouwrotethisletterwhomyouwrotetowhyyouwroteit
Whatsortofactivitiesdostudentshaveafterschool?
Youareacollegestudentwhoappliesforapart-timejobinashopduringthesummervacationWritealettertotheshopow
Describethetrendinthechartbelow.ThegraphshowsthepercentageoftheUKadolescentsfollowingvegetariandiet.
READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.
随机试题
某国东部沿海有5个火山岛E、F、G、H、I,它们由北至南排列成一条直线,同时发现:(1)F与H相邻并且在H的北边。(2)Ⅰ和E相邻。(3)G在F的北边某个位置。假如I在G北边的某个位置,下面哪项陈述一定为真?
Electronics______themovementoffreeelectronsinavacuumorinsemiconductors.
女性,50岁,因子宫颈癌行全子宫切除,术后当日无尿,术中出血不多,术前肾功能正常,因此诊断最大的可能为
划拨国有建设用地使用权的抵押,下列叙述错误的是()。
【背景资料】某热力管线暗挖隧道,长3.4km,断面有效尺寸为3.2m×2.8m,埋深3.5m。隧道穿越地层为砂土层和砂砾层,除局部有浅层滞水外,无需降水。承包方A公司通过招标将穿越砂砾层段468m隧道开挖及初期支护分包给B专业公司。B公司依据A公司的施
自建固定资产应最终通过“固定资产”账户核算。()
“二次根式”是初中阶段学习的一个非常重要的内容,是在学生学习了平方根、立方根等内容的基础上进行的。本章的学习将为今后进一步学习根式奠定基础。本课对学生的要求是①理解二次根式的概念和意义;②用二次根式的意义和性质求取值范围;③会初步运用二次根式的性质解决简单
设f(x)为R上不恒等于零的奇函数,且fˊ(0)存在,则函数
已知求a、b的值.
A、Ascarcityofjobsintheirfield.B、Inadequatetraininginthemethodsofbiologicalresearch.C、Difficultiesinclassifying
最新回复
(
0
)