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  3. Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

admin2014-04-20  55
问题     Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments in ways that other animals cannot. However, a visit to the Monkey Sanctuary, near Looe in Cornwall, provided striking evidence of connections between monkey mother-child relations and that in humans.
    The monkeys there have usually been badly deprived of love or maltreated by humans. The scientists use their understanding and painstaking care to nurture the monkeys back to a more stable emotional state. As a review paper shows, there are important parallels between the impact of early maltreatment in other mammals and humans, and key implications for prevention of human emotional problems.
    The kind of early care a monkey receives precisely predicts its brain chemistry and the kind of adult it will become. Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and reared without an alternative parent, only with their peers until the age of six months, are more easily scared of strangers and unfamiliar experiences than mother-reared ones.
    When threatened by social separation or isolation in later life, those monkeys separated from their mothers at birth have different brain and body chemistry. When they become mothers themselves, they are significantly more neglectful or abusive of their offspring than those who were mother-reared, repeating the cycle of deprivation.
    The similarity in mothering across generations could be simply a genetic inheritance, but this has been disproved. The amount of contact with the particular daughter has been compared with the mother’s average for all of her daughters. A daughter’s subsequent mothering reflects her particular experience rather than the average for all of her sisters. The unique care received determines subsequent pattern of mothering, rather than a genetic tendency inherited from the mother.
    Another theory is that a genetically difficult baby could make the mother uncaring. This was contradicted by a study of what are called highly reactive infant monkeys—ones that are very difficult to care for because they overreact to the slightest sound or movement.
    They were fostered out to either average mothers or exceptionally nurturing ones. The exceptionally nurtured young monkeys grew up even more socially well-adjusted than normal infants fostered by average mothers. Nurture was so influential, in other words, that it could turn a difficult infant into a superior adult. Furthermore, when the generation of offspring in the study grew up and themselves had infants, their parenting style, whether exceptionally nurturing or average, exactly mirrored the kind of care they had received as infants. This was regardless of whether their original infant personality had been highly reactive or not.
    Much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for humans too. It’s a simple but important point: babies and toddlers need consistent loving care if they are to grow up secure and mentally healthy. Well-conceived and executed interventions that improve mother-infant relationships can make all the difference.  
The author suggests in the last paragraph that______.
选项 A、establishing beneficial mother-baby relation needs scientific guidance
B、monkeys and humans have experienced similar evolution process
C、most of the mother-reared infants can grow up as healthy social beings
D、babies and infants need to be provided with a secure social environment
答案A
解析 推断题。作者在最后一段再次强调了研究对于人类的意义：提示人们婴幼儿需要关心和爱护。但他在本段最后一句话也特别指出，这种关爱应该是well—conceived“合理构想的”以及executed“落到实处的”，故[A]“建立有益的母婴关系需要科学的引导”为合理推断。[B]“猴子和人类经历了相似的进化历程”是对本段第一句much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for humans too的曲解，进化历程与本文主题无关。文章只是强调了母亲的养育对幼儿未来的心智健康的重要性，但不能据此过度推断，排除“由母亲养育的幼儿长大后大部分是健康的社会人”，故[C]错误。而[D]“需要给婴幼儿提供安全的社会环境”也与主题没有关联，应排除。
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