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  3. On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alon

On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alon

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问题     On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep — but forever.
    An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.
    Just as Darwin discovered that the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.
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答案 3月14日下午2点45分，当代最伟大的思想家停止了思想。让他单独留在屋里只有两分钟，可当我们再次进屋时，发现他已在扶手椅上安然入睡——但却长眠不醒了。 这位伟人的去世使富于战斗精神的欧美无产阶级和历史科学研究都蒙受了不可估量的损失。人们很快就会感觉到因他的去世而留下的空白。 正如达尔文发现生物界的进化规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即那个一直被意识形态之滋蔓所掩盖的简单事实：人类首先得果腹、蔽体、安居，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术及宗教等活动。所以，直接的物质生活资料生产以及随之而形成的某个民族或某个时期的经济发展程度便构成一定的基础，而该民族的国家制度、法律思想、艺术活动以至宗教观念都在这个基础上发展，因此也必须根据这个基础来解释，而不是像此前那样本末倒置。
解析     本篇节选自恩格斯于1883年3月17日在伦敦海格特公墓马克思的葬礼上发表的讲话。
翻译时，除了追求“忠实”，还要重视风格的吻合，重视原文的修辞手段，充分体现原文的逻辑性。
He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes…：原文的意思是，  “让他一个人留在房里还不到两分钟”，但语言表达过于直白，建议翻译为：  “让他单独留在屋里只有两分钟。”
An immeasurable loss has been sustmned…in the death of this man：  “sustain”在此处的意思是“undergo(sth)；suffer(经受，遭受)”。比如，“sustain a defeat，an injury，a loss(遭受失败、伤害、损失)”。又如，“He sustained a severe blow on the head．
(他头部受到重击。)。”翻译“militant proletariat”时，需要增词，可译为“富于战斗精神的无产阶级”。故整句译为：  “这位伟人的去世使富于战斗精神的欧美无产阶级和历史科学研究都蒙受了不可估量的损失。”
hitherto：副词，意思是“until now”，即“迄今；至今”。
…mankind must first of all eat，drink，have shelter and clothing，before it can pursue politics，science，art，religion，etc…．：原文不难看懂，但要注意风格的对等。如果译为“人类首先得吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术及宗教等等”，显得译文过于平淡。建议使用比较书面的语言，译为“人类首先得果腹、蔽体、安居，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术及宗教等活动”。
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