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  3. America’s education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation t

America’s education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation t

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问题     America’s education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next.
    That’s why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It’s not just about education, but about poverty and justice.
    It’s true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn’t teachers’ unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers’ unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states.
    Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn’t be held accountable until poverty is solved. There’re steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting.
    I’d be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation’s worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers.
    There’s solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.
    Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20% , and it’s as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two.
    The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28.
    How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that’s a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher’s performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, it’s usually possible to tell which teachers are failing.
    Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That’s an insult to students.
    Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers.
    This isn’t a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.
What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools?
选项 A、Unqualified teachers.
B、Lack of financial resources.
C、Unfavorable learning environment.
D、Subconscious racial discrimination.
答案B
解析 事实细节题。定位句指出，位于市中心的学校表现不佳的主要原因并非教师工会，而是贫穷。题干中的chiefly responsible和undesirable performance分别对应原文中的the main reason和dopoorly，故答案为B)。
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