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  3. Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

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问题     Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments in ways that other animals cannot. However, a visit to the Monkey Sanctuary, near Looe in Cornwall, provided striking evidence of connections between monkey mother-child relations and that in humans.
    The monkeys there have usually been badly deprived of love or maltreated by humans. The scientists use their understanding and painstaking care to nurture the monkeys back to a more stable emotional state. As a review paper shows, there are important parallels between the impact of early maltreatment in other mammals and humans, and key implications for prevention of human emotional problems.
    The kind of early care a monkey receives precisely predicts its brain chemistry and the kind of adult it will become. Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and reared without an alternative parent, only with their peers until the age of six months, are more easily scared of strangers and unfamiliar experiences than mother-reared ones.
    When threatened by social separation or isolation in later life, those monkeys separated from their mothers at birth have different brain and body chemistry. When they become mothers themselves, they are significantly more neglectful or abusive of their offspring than those who were mother-reared, repeating the cycle of deprivation.
    The similarity in mothering across generations could be simply a genetic inheritance, but this has been disproved. The amount of contact with the particular daughter has been compared with the mother’s average for all of her daughters. A daughter’s subsequent mothering reflects her particular experience rather than the average for all of her sisters. The unique care received determines subsequent pattern of mothering, rather than a genetic tendency inherited from the mother.
    Another theory is that a genetically difficult baby could make the mother uncaring. This was contradicted by a study of what are called highly reactive infant monkeys—ones that are very difficult to care for because they overreact to the slightest sound or movement.
    They were fostered out to either average mothers or exceptionally nurturing ones. The exceptionally nurtured young monkeys grew up even more socially well-adjusted than normal infants fostered by average mothers. Nurture was so influential, in other words, that it could turn a difficult infant into a superior adult. Furthermore, when the generation of offspring in the study grew up and themselves had infants, their parenting style, whether exceptionally nurturing or average, exactly mirrored the kind of care they had received as infants. This was regardless of whether their original infant personality had been highly reactive or not.
    Much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for humans too. It’s a simple but important point: babies and toddlers need consistent loving care if they are to grow up secure and mentally healthy. Well-conceived and executed interventions that improve mother-infant relationships can make all the difference.  
It can be inferred from Paragraphs 1 and 2 that______.
选项 A、human beings can control the environment
B、we are actually not a unique species as we thought of
C、research on monkeys provides enlightenment to humans
D、monkeys are usually reared without love and mother care
答案C
解析 推断题。文章第二段最后一句比较明确地指出，人类和其他哺乳动物早年受虐经历的影响具有重大相似性，这对预防人类的情感问题有关键性的启示，故[C]“对猴子的研究为人类提供了启示”为答案。[A]“人类可以控制环境”是对第一段中control ourselves and our environments in ways that other animals cannot的曲解，原文的意思是人类相比动物具有更强的自主性，而不是说人类可以控制环境。而第一段第二句虽然指出，人类与其他哺乳动物之间存在相似性，但并没有否认人类的独特性，例如可以使用语言，故排除[B]“人类不像自己想的那么独特”。第二段首句虽然说到，郡卢港附近猴类保护区的一些猴子在缺乏关爱的情况下长大，但不能由此推断出猴子都是在这种情形下长大的，[D]为过度推断，也应排除。
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