首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I’d like to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such mea
I’d like to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such mea
admin
2017-12-31
446
问题
I’d like to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such measures. Traditionally, economists have used levels of standard of living as 【B1】______of quality of life among countries or within countries. For most of the 20th century the only measurement used to compare the standards of living of citizens of different countries was national 【B2】______. In the second half of the 20th century indices including 【B3】______and【B4】______indicators have been developed, so as to give a more 【B5】______picture of people’s living conditions. The best-known of these indices is the United Nations Human Development Index, or HDI, which was first published in【B6】______. There are three parts to this particular index: long and healthy life, education and standard of living. The concept of living a long and healthy life is captured by life【B7】______. Educational attainments are measured by two indicators: by adult【B8】______rates and by the ratio of combined【B9】______in education. Standard of living is measured in terms of Gross【B10】______Product per capita. But those three dimensions leave out other very important aspects of human development. The number of factors included is too【B11】______. Schumacher argued that【B12】______economics measure standard of living by the amount of annual【B13】______, assuming all the time that a person who consumes more is【B14】______off than another who consumes less. But a Buddhist economist would see this as 【B15】______. Since consumption is merely a【B16】______to human well-being, the aim should be to obtain the【B17】______of well-being with the 【B18】______of consumption. Therefore, 【B19】______GDP per capita would not be a【B20】______indicator of greater human development.
【B12】
In this part of the test, you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk only once. While listening to the talk , you may take notes on the important points so that you have enough information to complete a gap-filling task. Then write your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. You will not get your Test Book until after you have listened to the talk.
Good morning. What I’d like to do in this short talk is to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such measures. Of course the perception of high or low quality of life is subjective and may differ from individual to individual.
Traditionally, economists have used levels of standard of living as indicators of quality of life among countries or within countries. For most of the 20th century the only measurement used to compare the standards of living of citizens of different countries was national income—this was often criticised for various reasons, the main one being that standard of living should not be analysed only in terms of economic growth. In the second half of the 20th century economists and other social scientists started to develop indices which included social as well as economic indicators. The aim of these indices was to give a more holistic picture of the living conditions of different populations.
The best-known of these indices is the United Nations Human Development Index , or HDI, which was first published in 1990 . And I’d like to take a few minutes to talk about this particular index. The HDI is described in the UN Human Development Report for 2002 as a "simple summary measure of three dimensions of the human development concepts: living a long and healthy life, being educated and having a decent standard of living". So there are three parts to this particular index: long and healthy life, education and standard of living. Now the concept of living a long and healthy life is captured by life expectancy at birth. Although life expectancy does measure length of life it doesn’t necessarily reflect health status: in other words it isn’t always true that individuals who live longer are also healthy, in particular in the last years of life.
Educational attainments is measured in the HDI by two indicators: by adult literacy rates i. e. , the proportion of people aged at least 15 years old who can read and write a short simple statement on their everyday life and also by the ratio of combined enrolments in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
The final element in the HDI is standard of living and that is measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product per capita i. e. , GDP divided by the total population.
It is widely recognised that measuring only those three dimensions leaves out other very important aspects of human development. And one of the criticisms of the UN index is that the number of factors included is too limited. There are some other difficulties with the index, um, I don’t have time to discuss them all, but I will briefly mention some of them. Firstly there is the problem of what the index is actually measuring. For example, poverty is obviously a major contributor to poor quality of life, but the devastating consequences of absolute poverty are not transparent in measures like GDP per capita. Neither is the extent of income inequalities. Another important exclusion is the net effect of economic growth on the environment and its impact on quality of life. Secondly there is the issue of the quality and quantity of the information collected. The same methodology for data collection is not strictly applied in all countries, and the gaps in the tables used for the calculation of the index show that some components of the index are actually based on guesstimates. A third question we should ask is how well the Western concepts used in social well-being indices reflect the way that individuals in non-Western cultures perceive their quality of life. This can be illustrated by a discussion in Schumacher’s book Small Is Beautiful, when he compared modern economics by which he meant Western economics and Buddhist economics. He argued that Western economics measures standard of living by the amount of annual consumption, assuming all the time that a person who consumes more is better off than another who consumes less. On the other hand a Buddhist economist would see this as irrational. Since consumption is merely a means to human well-being, the aim should be to obtain the maximum of well-being with the minimum of consumption. Therefore, higher GDP per capita would not be a meaningful indicator of greater human development in Buddhist economics.
选项
答案
Western
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lgSO777K
本试题收录于:
NAETI高级口译笔试题库外语翻译证书(NAETI)分类
0
NAETI高级口译笔试
外语翻译证书(NAETI)
相关试题推荐
Attheconference,allmembers________anactwhichprovidedalayoutplanfortheadoptionofcountriesallovertheworldfort
Theeraofdividedgovernmentbegins,inauspiciously.Willthepresidentbeabletoseethewoodforthesubpoenas?Isuspectth
Thissystemhasmonitorcapabilitycoveringtheentireproperty,insideandout.Additionally,teachersandparentsarevigilant
下面你将听到一段有关云南少数民族情况介绍的讲话。文山壮族苗族自治州位于云南省东南部,东与广西相连,南与越南接壤,边境线长达438公里、总面积3万多平方公里,和海南省差不多。文山州有悠久的历史,境内发现过古人类牙齿化石,说明远古时期就有人类在此生息
A、Theyheldprotestsagainstthegovernmentonthestreet.B、Theybecameindependentcanefarmers.C、Theywerecompensatedwith
Accordingtothepassage,whathasmadeAmerica’ssystemofhighereducationagreatsuccess?
A、Naturaldisasterscanaccountfordisappearanceoflanguages.B、Theaccelerationoflanguagedeathdidn’tstartuntil200year
A、ItprovidedevidencethatJefferson’sidealcouldbeachievedB、Itmadefarmerslessdependentonlocalbankers.C、Itaffected
A、Financial.B、Personnel.C、Strategy.D、Technology.C
随机试题
膀胱癌最常见的组织学类型是
治疗肺炎表寒肺热型,应首选()
当针对坚硬易碎、含有粗粒、形态不规则的土样时,可采用()测定密度。
在防爆厂房,仪表箱采用正压通风,电缆的引入要通过( )进行密封。
关于施工现场文明施工措施的说法,正确的是()。
作为一种理想的社会制度,实现共产主义是一个长期的实践过程,因为()
有以下程序段:#includeinta,b,c;a=10;b=50;c=30;if(a>b)a=b,b=c;c=a;pfinff("a=%db=%dc=%d\n",a,b,c);程序的输出结果是()。
Isitthescholarshipthatyougotyesterday______makesyousohappy?
HowSafeIsYourCellPhone?IttakesalittleextraworktogetintouchwithAndreaBoland.TheMainestaterepresentative
A、Hewasastudentofart.B、Hewasanewsman.C、Hewasfarmer.D、Hewasawriter.D
最新回复
(
0
)