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  3. Thirty-five years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for

Thirty-five years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for

admin2009-04-27  52
问题     Thirty-five years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress.
    University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the net-work to reduce spam and security troubles.
    (46)All the while threats loom: critics ware that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today.
    Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Kleinrock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
    (47)Then came e-mail a few years later, a core communications agreement called TCP/IP in the late 70s, the domain name system in the 80s and the World Wide Web—now the second most popular application behind e-mail—in 1990. The Internet expanded beyond its initial military and educational domain into businesses and homes around the world.
    Today, Crocker continues work on the Internet, designing better tools for collaboration. (48)And as security chairman for the Internet’s key oversight body, he is trying to defend the core addressing system from outside threats.
    He acknowledges the Internet he helped build is far from finished, and changes are in store to meet growing demands for multimedia. (49)Network providers now make only "best efforts" at delivering data packets, and Crocker said better guarantees are needed to prevent the skips and unexpected pauses now common with video.
    Cerf, now at MCI Inc., said he wished he could have designed the Internet with security built-in. Microsoft Corp., Yahoo Inc. and America Online Inc., among others, are currently trying to retrofit the network so e-mail senders can be authenticated—a way to cut clown on junk messages sent using spoofed addresses.
    (50)Many features being developed today wouldn’t have been possible at birth given the slower computing speeds and narrower Internet pipes, or bandwidth, Cerf said.

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答案几年之后，电子邮件出现了，这是在70年代晚期被称为TCP／IP的核心通信协议。80年代出现了域名系统，1990年，万维网问世，并成为仅次于电子邮件的最流行的应用工具。
解析 本句是简单句，全句采用倒装结构，句子主语是e-mail，the domain name system and the World Wide Web；谓语动词是came。句中a core communication protocol called TCP/IP是e-mail的同位语；now the second most popular application behind e-mail是the World Wide Web的同位成分。翻译时应注意句子倒装及两个同位语的译法。因为主语比较长，在翻译时应各个部分断开翻译，将谓语添加进去，成为完整的句子。因为三个主语的谓语都是came，因此可以考虑选择不同的译法，如句中的"出现、问世"。application原意为"应用"，这里与计算机相关，应引申为"应用程序，应用工具"。
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