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  3. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. So melted into pop culture are the five stages of grief — introduced in the 1

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. So melted into pop culture are the five stages of grief — introduced in the 1

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问题     Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. So melted into pop culture are the five stages of grief — introduced in the 1960s by psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross based on her studies of the emotional state of dying patients — that they are regularly referenced without explanation.
    There appears to be no evidence, however, that most people most of the time go through most of the stages in this or any other order. According to Russell P. Friedman, executive director of the Grief Recovery Institute in Sherman Oaks, "no study has ever established that stages of grief actually exist, and what are defined as such can’t be called stages. Grief is the normal and natural emotional response to loss... No matter how much people want to create simple, bullet-point guidelines for the human emotions of grief, there are no stages of grief that fit any two people or relationships. " Friedman’s assessment comes from daily encounters with people experiencing grief in his practice.
    University of Memphis psychologist Robert A. Neimeyer confirms this analysis. He concluded in his scholarly book Meaning Reconstruction and the Experience of Loss: "At the most obvious level, scientific studies have failed to support any sequence of emotional phases of adaptation to loss or to identify any clear end point to grieving that would designate a state of ’recovery. ’"
    Nevertheless, the urge to compress the complexities of life into neat and tidy stages is irresistible. For example, Harvard University psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg postulated that our moral development progresses through six stages: parental punishment, selfish hedonism, peer pressure, law and order, social contract and principled conscience.
    Why stages? We are pattern-seeking, storytelling primates trying to make sense of an often chaotic and unpredictable world. A stage theory works in a manner similar to a species-classification heuristic or an evolutionary-sequence schema. Stages also fit well into a chronological sequence where stories have set narrative patterns. Stage theories "impose order on chaos, offer predictability over uncertainty, and optimism over despair," explained social psychologist Carol Tavris. "One appeal of stage theories is that they tell a story — they give us a narrative to live by (’you feel this now, but soon.. . ’). "
    What’s wrong with stages? First, Tavris noted, "in developmental psychology, the notion of predictable life stages is toast. Those stage theories reflected a time when most people marched through life predictably: marrying at an early age; then having children when young; then work, work, work; then maybe a midlife crisis; then retirement; then death. Those ’passages’ theories evaporated with changing social and economic conditions that blew the predictability of our lives to hell. "
    Second, Tavris continued, "is the guilt and pressure the theories impose on people who are not feeling what they think they should. This is why consumers of any kind of psychotherapy or posttraumatic intervention that spreads the notion of ’ inevitable’ stages should be skeptical and cautious. "
    Stages are stories that may be true for the storyteller, but that does not make them valid for the narrative known as science. [496 words]
The word "toast"(Line 2, Para 6)most probably refers to "something that is______".
选项 A、popular and praised
B、common and ordinary
C、controversial but effective
D、common but wrong
答案A
解析 本题考查词义推测。
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