首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
PASSAGE TWO (1) The salt equation taught to doctors for more than 200 years is not hard to understand. The body relies on this e
PASSAGE TWO (1) The salt equation taught to doctors for more than 200 years is not hard to understand. The body relies on this e
admin
2023-03-12
41
问题
PASSAGE TWO
(1) The salt equation taught to doctors for more than 200 years is not hard to understand. The body relies on this essential mineral for a variety of functions, including blood pressure and the transmission of nerve impulses. Sodium levels in the blood must be carefully maintained. If you eat a lot of salt—sodium chloride—you will become thirsty and drink water, diluting your blood enough to maintain the proper concentration of sodium. Ultimately you will excrete much of the excess salt and water in urine. The theory is intuitive and simple. And it may be completely wrong.
(2) The research, published recently in two dense papers in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, contradicts much of the conventional wisdom about how the body handles salt and suggests that high levels may play a role in weight loss.
(3) The findings have stunned kidney specialists. "This is just very novel and fascinating," said Dr. Melanie Hoenig, an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. "The work was meticulously done. "
(4) Dr. James R. Johnston, a professor at the University of Pittsburgh, marked each unexpected finding in the margins of the two papers. The studies were covered with scribbles by the time he was done. "Really cool," he said, although he added that the findings need to be replicated.
(5) The new studies are the culmination of a decades-long quest by a determined scientist, Dr. Jens Titze, now a kidney specialist at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research in Erlangen, Germany.
(6) In 1991, as a medical student in Berlin, he took a class on human physiology in extreme environments. The professor who taught the course worked with the European space program and presented data from a simulated 28-day mission in which a crew lived in a small capsule. The main goal was to learn how the crew members would get along. But the scientists also had collected the astronauts’ urine and other physiological markers. Titze noticed something puzzling in the crew members’ data: Their urine volumes went up and down in a seven-day cycle. That contradicted all he’d been taught in medical school-. There should be no such temporal cycle.
(7) In 1994, the Russian space program decided to do a 135-day simulation of life on the Mir space station. Titze arranged to go to Russia to study urine patterns among the crew members and how these were affected by salt in the diet. A striking finding emerged-, a 28-day rhythm in the amount of sodium the cosmonauts’ bodies retained that was not linked to the amount of urine they produced. And the sodium rhythms were much more pronounced than the urine patterns. The sodium levels should have been rising and falling with the volume of urine. Although the study wasn’t perfect—the crew members’ sodium intake was not precisely calibrated (校准)—Titze was convinced something other than fluid intake was influencing sodium stores in the crew’s bodies. The conclusion, he realized, "was heresy. "
(8) In 2006, the Russian space program announced two more simulation studies, one lasting 105 days and the other 520 days. Titze saw a chance to figure out whether his anomalous findings were real. In the shorter simulation, the cosmonauts ate a diet containing 12 grams of salt daily, followed by 9 grams daily, and then a low-salt diet of 6 grams daily, each for a 28-day period. In the longer mission, the cosmonauts also ate an additional cycle of 12 grams of salt daily. Like most of us, the cosmonauts liked their salt. Oliver Knickel, 33, a German citizen participating in the program who is now an automotive engineer in Stuttgart, recalled that even the food that supplied 12 grams a day was not salty enough for him. When the salt level got down to 6 grams, he said, "It didn’t taste good. "
(9) The real shocker came when Titze measured the amount of sodium excreted in the crew’s urine, the volume of their urine, and the amount of sodium in their blood. The mysterious patterns in urine volume persisted, but everything seemed to proceed according to the textbooks. When the crew ate more salt, they excreted more salt; the amount of sodium in their blood remained constant, and their urine volume increased. " But then we had a look at fluid intake, and were more than surprised," he said. Instead of drinking more, the crew were drinking less in the long run when getting more salt. So where was the excreted water coming from?"There was only one way to explain this phenomenon," Titze said. " The body most likely had generated or produced water when salt intake was high. "
(10) To get further insight, Titze began a study of mice in the laboratory. Sure enough, the more salt he added to the animals’ diet, the less water they drank. And he saw why. The animals were getting water—but not by drinking it. The increased levels of glucocorticoid hormones (糖皮质激素) broke down fat and muscle in their own bodies. This freed up water for the body to use. But that process requires energy, Titze also found, which is why the mice ate 25 percent more food on a high-salt diet. The hormones also may be a cause of the strange long-term fluctuations in urine volume.
(11) Scientists knew that a starving body will burn its own fat and muscle for sustenance. But the realization that something similar happens on a salty diet has come as a revelation.
(12) People do what camels do, noted Dr. Mark Zeidel, a nephrologist at Harvard Medical School who wrote an editorial accompanying Titze’s studies. A camel traveling through the desert that has no water to drink gets water instead by breaking down the fat in its hump.
(13) One of the many implications of this finding is that salt may be involved in weight loss. Generally, scientists have assumed that a high-salt diet encourages a greater intake of fluids, which increases weight. But if balancing a higher salt intake requires the body to break down tissue, it may also increase energy expenditure.
(14) Still, Titze said he would not advise eating a lot of salt to lose weight. If his results are correct, more salt will make you hungrier in the long run, so you would have to be sure you did not eat more food to make up for the extra calories burned. And, Titze said, high glucocorticoid levels are linked to such conditions as osteoporosis (骨质疏松症), muscle loss, Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic (新陈代谢的) problems.
Dr. Mark Zeidel was________Titze’s finding about how the body produced water.
选项
答案
D
解析
观点态度题。根据题干定位至第十二段。该段第一句提到,哈佛大学医学院的肾病学家马克.赛德尔博士为蒂策的两篇研究论文撰写了一篇社评,他指出人类的做法和骆驼一样。紧接着第二句具体解释了其观点:骆驼穿越沙漠无水可饮时,作为替代,它通过分解驼峰中的脂肪来获得水分。而第十段第五、六句提到,蒂策发现糖皮质激素水平升高,分解了自体脂肪和肌肉,这就释放出了供身体使用的水分。由此可以判断,马克.赛德尔博士支持蒂策关于身体如何产水的发现,故D为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/oqcD777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Inflationisn’tnew,butpricerisescanstillshock.IrecentlyholidayedintheHamptons,atonybeachareaoutsideNewYork,
WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninheren
Justsevenyearsago,theTexasLegislatureprescribedthatallhighschoolersmustpasstwomathcoursesandgeometrytogradua
Peekthroughtheinspectionwindowsofthenearly100three-dimensional(3D)printersquietlymakingthingsatRedEye,acompany
Peekthroughtheinspectionwindowsofthenearly100three-dimensional(3D)printersquietlymakingthingsatRedEye,acompany
WhenNeilArmstrongandBuzzAldrinreturnedfromthemoon,theircargoincludednearlyfiftypoundsofrockandsoil,whichwer
Scientistshavediscoveredapowerfulantibioticinthebloodstreamofgiantpandasthatcandestroybacteria.TheChineserese
Doctorsalreadyknowthatpeoplewhosmokecandamagetheirhearing.ThelateststudyinthejournalTobaccoControl,【C1】_______
Doctorsalreadyknowthatpeoplewhosmokecandamagetheirhearing.ThelateststudyinthejournalTobaccoControl,【C1】_______
Doctorsalreadyknowthatpeoplewhosmokecandamagetheirhearing.ThelateststudyinthejournalTobaccoControl,【C1】_______
随机试题
20世纪80年代,我国对系统科学做出全面研究的科学家是【】
(非英语专业做)Therewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriter,aglobe
A.胀痛B.灼痛C.刺痛D.重痛
A.抗核抗体阴性B.电镜呈肾小球毛细血管丛上皮细胞足突融合改变C.尿FDP阳性D.电镜呈驼峰样改变E.大量新月体形成下述病例最可能是以上哪种改变
A.分体中柱呈“U”形B.分体中柱5~13个C.分体中柱2个D.分体中柱2~4个E.分体中柱5~8个绵马贯众叶柄横切面
修建性详细规划由开发建设单位组织、委托规划、设计单位完成,主要内容有()。
某市公安局要发通报表彰公安民警甲在人民群众生命财产安全受到威胁的关键时刻,挺身而出,舍己救人的先进事迹。根据通报的写作要求,下列对这份通报正文的写作提示,正确的是()。
下列对诗句中所蕴含的物理知识理解正确的是:①“寒磐满空林”——声波折射原理②“对影成三人”——光是直线传播的③“山月随人归”——描绘了山边的月和人相对运动④“影落明湖青黛光”——“影”和“青黛光”是山、云景物的光线经湖面折射后所成的像
RUP(RationalUnifiedProcess)分为4个阶段,每个阶段结束时都有重要的里程碑,其中生命周期架构是在(16)结束时的里程碑。
大型信息系统的建设首先必须有一支专门的队伍。根据企业的具体情况确定队伍的组织方式是十分必要的。下面()不属于研制队伍组成方式。
最新回复
(
0
)