2. 医学
  3. Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Ma

Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Ma

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问题 Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
   现代医院是向伤病员提供医疗服务的众多机构之一，是人们最熟悉的，当然也是最复杂的机构。现代医院与过去的医院几乎没有什么相似之处。医学科学的进步给医疗服务领域带来了实质性的革命，为病人提供的服务质量有所提高，医疗卫生从业人员的职业需求有所增长；人们治疗伤病的方法种类增多。多年之前，从事医疗工作的人只能选择当医生、当牙医，或是在医院当管理人员，现在，可以在几百个与健康相关的职业中进行挑选。
   一个现代化的医院需要配备经过多种专业训练的人员，这样才能为病人提供充分的服务。许多人时常忘记病人的多种需求，有人需要喂饭，有人负责医疗记录，有人负责清洁卫生，有人负责洗衣服。此外，还要有人负责人事工作，这些只是需要医务人员高效、妥善完成的无数工作中的一部分。医院过去并不那么复杂。印度公元四世纪就有医院。与其说是医院，倒不如说是病人疗养所，病人或者在那里康复，或者在那里死去。在古希腊和罗马，人们常常把寺庙用做医院。这些早期的医院是干净的、令人愉快的场所，但不留意病人的身体情况。医院这个名字实际上是来自拉丁文hospitium，意为“接待来客的地方”。英语单词hotel和hostel也出自同一词根。
   在中世纪，教会担当了照顾病人的责任。医院仍旧被用做休息场所，但却逐渐声名狼藉。人们开始把那儿看成是污秽和死亡之地，设法避开它。难怪刚到新大陆的美国移民不想建立医院。直到1713年，William Penn才在费城定居区建立了第一家社区医院。
   在19世纪，医学的进步改变了这一切。Louis Pasteur提供了细菌理论，Florence Nightingale使护理成为一项令人尊敬的职业。此后，世界各地医院数量显著增加。到1873年，仅美国就有近200家医院，现在则有7000多家。
   医院的种类很多，最常见的是普通或社区医院。它能治疗不同年龄的病人及无数内科疾病和外伤。大多数病人的病是急性的，通常住医院时间不超过一周。
   其他医院提供更专门化的治疗。有些医院治疗慢性疾病，并提供长期护理设施。有些医院只接收某一年龄段的病人，如儿童；或只接收患某种特殊疾病的患者，如结核病。
   医院也可根据其财政来源来分类。世界上绝大多数医院由所在国政府负担经费。美国则不同，只有军队医院和一些专科医院由联邦政府、州或当地政府经营。美国的医院一般是私立的、非营利的机构。这些由个人赞助的医院通常附属于某些大学或宗教机构。其运转开支，部分来自政府的补助金，绝大部分收入来自个人的捐助和赠予。
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答案 The modern hospital is one of many institutions responsible for providing health care to the sick and injured. It hardly resembles the earlier institutions that were also known as hospitals. Many of these personnel, trained in a variety of fields, are needed to staff a modern hospital to provide adequate patient care. The early hospitals were clean, pleasant places, but they did not pay attention to the body. The name hospital, in fact, is derived from the Latin word hospitium which means a place where guests are received. The church assumed the primary responsibility for the care of the sick during the Middle Ages. Hospitals continued to be used as rest houses, but they gradually acquired a bad reputation. During the nineteenth century, medical advances changed all this. There are many different kinds of hospital. Hospitals can also be categorized according to the nature of their financial support. Most hospitals in the world are financed by the government of the country in which they are located. In the United States, hospitals tend to be private, nonprofit institutions. Some of their operating expenses may be paid for by government grants. Most of their revenues must come from private endowments and gifts.
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