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  3. The Paleolithic era is the period of history commonly known as the Stone Age. It begins with the appearance of stone tools aroun

The Paleolithic era is the period of history commonly known as the Stone Age. It begins with the appearance of stone tools aroun

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问题     The Paleolithic era is the period of history commonly known as the Stone Age. It begins with the appearance of stone tools around 2. 5 million years ago and ends approximately 12,000 years ago. It is quite late during the Paleolithic period—only around 40,000 years ago—that cave art first appears in the archaeological record. Found in various locations across the globe, sometimes deep in the inner chambers of caves and sometimes closer to their openings, this art reveals a modern human species that had evolved sufficiently to comprehend and appreciate symbolism.
    Cave art is often divided into two categories: figurative (depicting animals and humans) and non-figurative (shape that aren’t animals or humans). Within both of these categories, the prevailing hypothesis is that the purpose of much of the art was to serve the spiritual practices of early humans. This is particularly likely in cases in which the art has been found within distant caverns, in location that took great effort to reach and that required long, dark treks that might have featured many perilous obstacles, from bears to floods to falling rocks.
    Among the oldest cave paintings found to date are those in Indonesia in the Pettakere Cave. Here, paintings of hands, in the form of 26 handprints, date somewhere between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago. The handprints, which are the same color as the cave wall, are outlined in red at the cave’s entrance. It is believed that they were created by using the hand as a stencil and then spitting or blowing onto the wall a red dye obtained from certain foliage. Because the handprints appear at the entrance to the cave, it has been suggested that they were created to ward off evil spirits, preventing them from entering. Interestingly, the ritual of marking one’s home with a handprint persists among the present-day local population near Pettakere, which has used the cave and others around it for many years. Among contemporary locals, when a new home is erected, both the new owner of a home and priest will place handprints created with rice flour onto the first new beam of the house.
    In Spain’s Cantabria province in Europe, there are similar handprint paintings created by using the hand as a stencil and blowing pigment onto the cave wall. The oldest of these had been dated at more than 40,000 years old. The process used to make that determination is called uranium-thorium dating, in which a sample of calcite that has accumulated on the surface of the paint is removed and analyzed for trace amount of uranium and thorium to determine the sample’s age. Scientists can conclude that whatever lies beneath must be at least as old as the calcite itself, but no upper bound can be placed on the age of the underlying paint. This implies that the paintings in Spain could actually be much more than 40,000 years old, potentially placing them very close to the time when modern humans, Homo sapiens, first appeared on the European continent.
    Prior to that time, Neanderthals dominated Europe. Dating cave art back this far in history, therefore, could have major implications for our understanding of Neanderthals. If cave art were discovered that dates to the period and location in which the Neanderthals reigned, before the presence of modern humans, it would raise the question about who authored the paintings and whether they were indeed created by Homo sapiens at all.
    Another important site is in the Chauvet cave in the Ardeche region of southern France. The paintings were found in this cave by a team of French cavers in 1994 and have been dated at around 30,000 years old. While the Chauvet paintings are not the earliest cave art discovered in Europe, they are the earliest figurative cave paintings yet discovered there. The Chauvet paintings are also notable for their breadth. They consist of hundreds of paintings of animals from over a dozen distinct species, including lions, panthers, and bears—predatory animals that do not frequently appear in other cave paintings from the Paleolithic era. Furthermore, deep inside the Chauvet cave are the cave’s only human figures, including an intriguing figure that is half man and half bison, and another that is female.  
In paragraphs 4 and 5, what evidence supports the claim that dating European cave art to much earlier than 40,000 years ago raises the question of who created the art?
选项 A、When the art was created, it was created with days that modern humans did not have access to.
B、Prior to 40,000 years ago, Europe was dominated by Neanderthals, not modern humans.
C、Neanderthals seem to have been more capable of making figurative cave art than modern humans.
D、No upper bound can be placed on the age of the paintings by the uranium-thorium dating technique.
答案B
解析 事实细节题。第五段最后一句提到，如果发现的洞穴艺术可以追溯到尼安德特人统治的时期和地点，在现代入类出现之前，这将提出一个问题：这些画是谁创作的，它们是否真的是智人创作的。由此可知，因为40000年前统治欧洲的是尼安德特人，而不是智人。如果欧洲艺术的历史超过40000年，那么创作这些艺术的很可能是尼安德特人，而不是智人。故答案为B项。
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