首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are ve
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are ve
admin
2014-06-02
63
问题
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology
Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very interesting question. And it’s an issue which is going to be increasingly important, world wide.
Ⅰ. an overview of the relationship between science & technology and research development & innovation:
1) Science--which is done to【1】new basic knowledge.
Generally, that’s done in the universities, the government- funded【2】and larger international companies.
2) Technology--to do with the【3】of science.
It turns scientific discoveries into a useful product, or a useful service.
3) Research, development and innovation are【4】:
A. Research--closely related to basic sciences.
B. Development-- the process of taking the【5】scientific idea or item and running it through to the development of products and services.
C. Innovation--putting the【6】into the market place.
Ⅱ. problems in commercialisation of technology:
1) The first one--not getting enough funding to develop scientific ideas into useful products and services;
2) Another one--only 1/10 ideas taken to the final【7】
3) The third one--Most people cannot guarantee a【8】return on their investment.
Ⅲ. companies and【9】ideas:
1) Because of various reasons, the technology would likely become outmoded;
2) Some companies【10】other specialized individuals or organisations to do research on their behalf;
3) Governments need to encourage and facilitate the interaction of the domestic firms with overseas companies.
【10】
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology
Good morning, everyone. I’d like to welcome you all to our series of lectures on "Excellence in Science" and I must say, judging by the numbers of you in the audience out there, this is the most popular lecture we have had all year! So rather than take up any more of your time, I’d like to introduce my own topic "The Commercialisation of Science and Technology" Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very interesting question. And it’s an issue which is going to be increasingly important, world wide. Let me just begin by giving you an overview of the relationship between science and technology and research development and innovation. These are terms which people often use as if they mean the same thing. Essentially, science is that which is done to generate new basic knowledge, knowledge in areas where nobody has previously researched. Generally, that’s done in the universities and the government funded research centers, of one sort or another. The larger international companies also do some of that, their own research I mean. Technology is really to do with the application of science.
It turns scientific discoveries into a useful product, or a useful service. If ! may compare scientific and technology, I could say that science provides the fundamental knowledge that explains a phenomenon, whereas technology takes that understanding and transforms it into a useful thing. It’s very much like a pendulum and a click. The pendulum is the part of a clock whose movement, back and forth, makes a clock work. The click is the useful product that has a function of telling the time. Therefore, science can be compared to that swinging motion within the clock and technology is the total object--the clock. That’s the sort of difference you’re looking at.
Research, development and innovation are aligned, in that research is closely related to basic sciences. Development is the process of taking the basic scientific idea or item and running it through to the development of products and services, Innovation is really about putting that product and service into the market place. So innovation is about the creation of a new of ideas and products and a new set of ways of delivering them.
Now in terms of commercialisation of technology, the most important thing nowadays is the difficulty that countries have with funding. That is, getting enough money with which to develop scientific ideas into useful products and services. It’s very expensive. For every dollar you spend on basic research, it costs a company $10 in development and another $10 in marketing. Many companies today just cannot afford that.
The other thing of course, is for every profitable research idea, there’ an average of nine ideas that come to nothing. So, only one out often is taken to the final production stage. I’ll stop here to answer a question asked by some people who would like to know what happens to all of those so-called "unsuccessful" ideas.
Yes, it’s a continuing problem. Most of them are, of course, lost forever. A dew may eventually reach the production stage through the persistent efforts of interested individuals but this requires a great deal of time and finance on the part of the inventor, or owner of the idea. Most people, however, just don’t have enough resources to invest in a product that cannot guarantee a profitable return on their investment. No more questions? OK. Now, returning to my last point about companies and research ideas. Many ideas look wonderful on paper but they are often impossible to utilize in an inexpensive enough manner, or, having done so, the product doesn’t really work, or it’s unacceptable for various reasons. So before too long, the technology becomes outmoded, it becomes old technology? like record players. For example, you don’t see companies today investing money in, record players do you? Why bother? I imagine that in the not too distant future, young people won’t even know what a record is. At present, there seems to be a movement in the commercialisation of research and development towards the need for companies, large and small, to subcontract. That is, companies pay other specialized individuals or organisations to do research on their behalf. It’s becoming the practical solution. It’s only the very large companies who still retain their own research and development units. So occasionally, there’s a situation where a company has to commercialise but can’t do it alone. It has to get help. Sometimes, this help may come from smaller company, or, what’s happening more often these days, companies turn to universities and ask them for assistance with the development of new technologies. You find that’s a world wide movement. It happens in Europe, the United States, Asia, Austria, wherever. It’s important that governments understand the need to continuously research and develop, and governments should be aware of this need for domestic companies to work closely with firms overseas. The reality is on an international scale, if a company wants to be part of an international movement, governments need to encourage and facilitate the interaction of the domestic firm with its overseas counterparts. This doesn’t always happen because of the huge costs involved in doing so.
However, it’s an exciting period, a very, very exciting period for science and technology. Now, returning to my point about the need for further research and development it seems to e.
选项
答案
pay
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/5fpO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
BreastfeedingChoosingwhethertobreastfeedorformulafeedyourbabyisoneofthefirstdecisionsexpectantparentswill
BreastfeedingChoosingwhethertobreastfeedorformulafeedyourbabyisoneofthefirstdecisionsexpectantparentswill
One-clickContent,NoGuaranteesWikipediaisthefirstmajorreferenceworkwithademocraticpremise.Itssignaturestreng
Theworld’slargestfreshwaterlakeisLake
TheCloningTechnologyI.Thedifferencebetweena(1)______colonyandcloningamammalclarifytheillusion:Scientistshavebe
TheCostofNaturalDisastersI.ExamplesofrecentnaturaldisastersA.earthquakeinJapanandNewZealandB.floodinThailan
OfallthefiftystatesintheUnitedStates,______isthelargestinarea.
WhicheventmarkstheestablishmentofNewZealand?
GrowthSecretsOfAlaska’sMysteriousFieldofLakesThethousandsofovallakesthatdotAlaska’sNorthSlopearesomeoft
对于心的境界,我所能够给出的最高赞语就是:丰富的单纯。我所知道的一切精神上的伟人,他们的心灵世界无不具有这个特征,其核心始终是单纯的,却又能够包容丰富的情感、体验和思想。我相信,每一个精神上的伟人在本质上都是直接面对宇宙的。一方面,他知道自己只是
随机试题
患者男,50岁。左膝髌骨骨折内固定术后,卧床第10天活动后突发胸闷气短,伴有胸痛,出冷汗。查体:血压80/60mmHg,呼吸25次/分,心率100次/分,P2>A2,心电图示SIQⅢTⅢ、V1~V3T波倒置,动脉血气分析示低氧血症。根据上述临床表现需完
哪一项是颌面部感染切开引流的指征
A、梅毒B、盆腔结核C、淋病D、滴虫阴道炎E、念珠菌阴道炎沿生殖道黏膜上行蔓延传播的是
A.消栓胶囊B.麝香保心丸C.逐瘀通脉胶囊D.银杏叶片E.培元通脑胶囊由于老年人的靶器官或细胞的敏感性增强,尤其是对中枢神经抑制药物、降血糖药物、心血管系统药物反应特别敏感,在正常剂量下的不良反应增加,甚至出现药源性疾病,因此在联合用药中
丁公司为增值税一般纳税企业,适用增值税税率17%。2005年4月1日,丁公司与丙公司签订协议,向丙公司销售一批商品,商品的账面实际成本为90万元,增值税专用发票上注明售价为110万元,增值税额为18.7万元。协议规定,丁公司应在9月30日将所售商品购回,回
某物业公司现有物业服务人员180人,平均年龄32岁,在物业公司管理人员中,具有中高级专业职称的服务人员28人,具有本科学历的服务人员25人,具有专科学历的服务人员30人,技工100%持证上岗。该公司总资产3000万元,年营业收入1900万元,年利税260万
与上一年相比,财政收入增速下降近五成的年份,财政收入比上年度增加()亿元。
甲向王某借用一辆竞赛用自行车,价值10万元。因急用钱,甲将车抵押给典当行,得款6万元。王某向甲要回自行车,甲还不上钱,只能向李某借用一辆价值15万元的自行车,抵押给同一家典当行,得款10万元。甲用这10万元赎回王某的自行车,将车还给王某后逃走。李某的自行车
BillBrysonIwasbornintheU.K.,butIhavewrittenseveraltravelbooksaboutChina.IlivedinBeijingwithmywifean
Plato,anancientGreekphilosopher,believedthatmenaredividedintothreeclasses:gold,silverandbronze.VilfredoPareto
最新回复
(
0
)