2. 外语
  3. According to a new international labour organization, unemployment is projected to increase by around 2.5 million in 2020. As th

According to a new international labour organization, unemployment is projected to increase by around 2.5 million in 2020. As th

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问题     According to a new international labour organization, unemployment is projected to increase by around 2.5 million in 2020. As the global labour force increases, not enough new jobs are being generated to absorb new entrants to the labour market. Almost half a billion people are working fewer paid hours than they would like or lack adequate access to paid work.
    For millions of ordinary people, it’s increasingly difficult to build better lives through work. Persisting and substantial work-related inequalities and exclusion are preventing them from finding decent work and better futures. That’s an extremely serious finding that has profound and worrying implications for social cohesion.
    The mismatch between labour supply and demand extends beyond unemployment into broader labour under utilization. In addition to the global number of unemployed (180 million), 165 million people don’t have enough paid work and 120 million have either given up actively searching for work or otherwise lack access to the labour market. In total, more than 470 million people worldwide are affected.
    At the global level, income inequality is higher than previously thought, especially in developing countries. Worldwide, the share of national income going to labour (rather than to other factors of production) declined substantially between 2004 and 2017, from 54 percent to 51 percent, with this economically significant fall being most pronounced in Europe, Central Asia and the Americas.
    Moderate or extreme working poverty is expected to edge up in 2020-21 in developing countries, increasing the obstacles to achieving Sustainable Development Goal I on eradicating poverty everywhere by 2030. Currently working poverty (defined as earning less than US$3.20 per day in purchasing power parity terms) affects more than 630 million workers, or one in five of the global working population.
    Other significant inequalities—defined by gender, age, and geographic location—remain stubborn features of current labour markets, limiting both individual opportunities and general economic growth. In particular, a staggering 267 million young people (aged 15-24) are not in employment, education, or training situation, and many more endure substandard working conditions.
    The report cautions that intensifying trade restrictions and protectionism could have a significant impact on employment, both directly and indirectly.
    Looking at economic growth, the current pace and form of growth is hampering efforts to reduce poverty and improve working conditions in low-income countries. It is recommended that the type of growth needs to shift to encourage higher-value added activities, through structural transformation, technological upgrading and diversification.
    Labour underutilization and poor-quality jobs mean our economies and societies are missing out on the potential benefits of a huge pool of human talent. We will only find a sustainable inclusive path of development if we tackle these kinds of labour market inequalities and gaps in access to decent work.
选项
答案 新成立的国际劳工组织表示，2020年的失业人数预计增加250万左右。全球劳动力数量上升之际，不断创造的新岗位却不足以吸收劳动力市场的新进人员。大约有5亿劳动者遭遇付薪工时低于意向时长或缺少充分获取有偿工作的机会。对数百万普通人来说，通过工作创造美好生活变得越来越难；工作方面的不平等和排挤问题仍然存在，而且根深蒂固，阻碍他们寻找体面的工作和更加美好的未来。这一调查结果极其严重，对社会凝聚力具有深刻复杂且令人担忧的影响。劳动力的供需不匹配不仅造成失业问题，还进一步延伸，引发更大范围的劳动力利用不充分问题。全球有1. 8亿人失业，1. 65亿人无法获得足够的有偿工作量。还有1. 2亿人要么已经放弃主动找工作，要么缺少进入劳动力市场的机会。经合计，全球有4. 7亿多人受到了影响。从全球层面来看，收入不平等问题比此前设想的更为严重，特别是在发展中国家。在世界范围内，分配给劳动力(相对于其他生产要素)的国民收入份额在2004到2017年间大幅下降，从54％降到了51％，这一降幅对经济产生了重大影响，在欧洲、中亚和美洲的动静最大。 2020至2021年间，发展中国家中度和重度贫困情况预计将小幅恶化，联合国实现2030年前全面消除贫困的第一个可持续发展目标又多了阻碍。目前，工作贫困(按购买力平价计算，日收入低于3. 2美元的情况)所影响的人口超过6. 3亿人，占全球就业人口的五分之一。其他显著的不平等问题，涵盖了性别、年龄和地域，仍是当前劳动力市场的顽疾，不仅限制了个人的发展机会，也阻碍了整体的经济增长。尤其要指出的是，15至24岁的年轻人中大约2. 67亿人没有工作，或处于无法接受教育或培训的境地，令人惊讶不已；此外，还有更多的人要忍受不达标的工作环境；该报告提醒道，不断加码的贸易限制和贸易保护主义可能会直接或间接地对就业产生巨大的影响。就经济增长情况来看，目前的增长步伐和增长模式正在阻碍低收入国家的扶贫工作及其改善工作环境的努力。有建议提到，这样的增长模式需要通过结构转型、技术升级和多样化发展的方式转变为鼓励高附加值活动的模式，劳动力利用不充分和岗位质量低意味着经济和社会正在错失大量人才身上的潜在红利。我们只有解决好劳动力市场的不平等问题，缩小获取体面工作方面的差距，才能找到一条具有包容性的可持续发展道路。
解析 1.build better lives可直译为“创造更美好的生活”，或意译为“过上好日子”。
2.substantial字面义为“坚固的；结实的”，这里根据语境可以译为“根深蒂固”。
3.lack access to表示“缺少……的机会”，与后面的the labour market“劳动力市场”搭配，可翻译为“缺少进入劳动力市场的机会”。
4.the share of national income going to labour若直译为“流向劳动力的国民收入份额”，表达较为拗口。根据上下文可知，此处national income going to labour指的是劳动报酬在国民收入中的占比，因此可译为“分配给劳动力的国民收入份额”。
6.not enough new jobs are being generated to absorb new entrants to the labour market，若直译为“没有足够的新工作被产生来吸收新人劳动力市场的人”，不太符合中文的表达习惯。故可换一种思路，将本句理解为new jobs being generated are not enough to absorb new entrants to the labour market，即“不断创造的新岗位不足以吸收劳动力市场的新进人员”，这样既表达通顺，同时也不偏离原文的含义。
7.Persisting and substantial work-related inequalities and exclusion用了两个形容词来修饰后面的inequalities and exclusion，若照搬这一语序，会显得头重脚轻，可将Persisting和substantial表达的含义放在修饰主体之后，即“工作方面的不平等和排挤问题仍然存在，而且根深蒂固”。
8.extends beyond unemployment into broader labour under utilization这一结构讲述的是劳动力供需不匹配的影响，因此可灵活处理为“不仅造成失业问题，还进一步延伸，导致更大范同的劳动力利用不充分问题”。
9. qualities为多义词，常用义项有“质量，品质”和“特质，特性”，文中指所比较物体的特点，应选择第二个义项，译为“特性”。
10. may or may not be不需要按照英语原文进行直译，按照句意处理为“不一定”即可。
11.连续用了Consequently和Therefore两个同样表示结果的连词，可根据语句需要灵活翻译，避免用词重复。
12.precisely原意为“精确地，准确地”，但此处根据搭配需要，可稍加转换，处理成“确切地”。
13.状语从句Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image承上启下；this指代前文提到的隐喻(Love is a rose)，因此要把this的内容补充出来，使行文衔接紧密，即译为“尽管这一隐喻听起来不像是一个特别丰富的画面”；而communicate后面采用了so…that…的句式，直接译作“如此……以至于……”则较为生硬，可换成“因此”这一连词，挑明两者间的逻辑关系，处理为“但隐喻的确能传递出很多丰富的画面信息，因此它也成了诗人用得最多的修辞手法”。
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