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  3. When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for new

When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for new

admin2016-10-15  545
问题     When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Facebook was the new kid on the block. There was no Twitter for news updates, and the iPhone was not yet on the scene. By the time Hurricane Sandy slammed the eastern seaboard in 2012, social media had become an integral part of disaster response, filling the void in areas where cell phone service was lost while millions of Americans looked to resources including Twitter and Facebook to keep informed, locate loved ones, notify authorities and express support.
    Researchers have now started publishing data on the use of social media in disasters, and lawmakers and security experts have begun to assess how emergency management can best adapt. The new playbook will not do away with the emergency broadcast system and other government efforts. Rather, it will incorporate new data from researchers, federal agencies and nonprofits that have begun to reveal the exact penetration of social media in disasters.
    The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)wrote in its 2013 National Preparedness report that during and immediately following Hurricane Sandy, "users sent more than 20 million Sandy-related Twitter posts, or ’tweets,’ despite the loss of cell phone service during the peak of the storm. " Following the Boston Marathon bombings, one quarter of Americans reportedly looked to Facebook, Twitter and other social networking sites for information. When the Boston Police Department posted its final "CAPTURED!!!" tweet of the manhunt, more than 140,000 people retweeted it.
    Each disaster sparks its own complex web of fast-paced information exchange. That’s a good thing, says Mark Keim, associate director for science in the Office of Environmental Health Emergencies at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), it can both improve disaster response and allow affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered.
    Drawing up an effective social media strategy and tweaking it to fit an emergency, however, is a crucial part of preparedness planning, says disaster sociologist Jeannette Sutton, a senior research scientist at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs who studies social media in crises and disaster. For the Boston Marathon incident, she found no consistent hash tag on Twitter, which can make tracking relevant information difficult. Even searching for the word "Boston" may fall short, she says, because it could lead to unrelated matter like Boston tourism or fail to capture relevant tweets that did not include the word Boston. As part of disaster preparedness, she says, it would be useful to teach the public how to use social media effectively, how to get information from the Web and also how to put out useful information.
    All the fast-paced information available via social media does pose inherent risks when navigating emergency situations. One is the rapid spread of misinformation—as was the case after the Boston bombings with the identification of a missing man as a possible suspect. Although mistakes often get fixed via the "Wikipedia effect," in which other users correct the errors, Sutton notes that false information can easily go viral. Another key risk is scammers using social media to steal cash. The FBI has warned that social media can also be a lucrative platform for scam artists that crop up in the wake of tragedy. After the Newtown, Conn. , school shooting, for example, the FBI arrested a woman who allegedly claimed to be the relative of a dead victim and solicited money via Facebook and other sources.
Which one of the following is not a positive effect of social media on disaster response?
选项 A、It can keep people informed, locate loved ones, notify authorities and express support.
B、It can improve disaster response.
C、It allows affected populations to take control of their situation as well as feel empowered.
D、Scammers can use social media to steal cash.
答案D
解析 本题考查考生对文章整体关于社交媒体在灾难响应中效用的掌握。文章前四段都是关于社交媒体在灾难响应中发挥的积极作用，后三段开始写存在的问题和风险。[A]选项出现在第一段最后一句，作者举了2012年桑迪飓风的例子，提到社交媒体已经成为救灾不可分割的一部分，填补了区域手机服务失效所留下的空白，数以百万计的美国人依靠包括推特网和脸书网等资源来获得新闻更新、找寻失落的亲人、通知当局或表达支持。[B]和[C]选项都出现在第四段，美国疾病控制和预防中心环境卫生应急办公室科学部副主任马克·凯姆说道，每次灾难都在网络上触发关于其本身的快节奏的信息交换，它既可以提高灾害应对，也使受灾人群控制他们自身处境以及感受到支持。因此，[A][B][C]都是关于社交媒体在灾难响应当中发挥的积极作用。[D]的说法来自最后一段，作者指出社交媒体在救灾应用中存在两个风险，第一是错误信息的快速传播，第二就是骗子可能利用社会媒体来诈骗现金，因此，[D]并不是发挥的积极作用，相反，恰恰是存在的风险，因此选D。
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