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US enrollment of international students declined for the second year in a row, sending waves of unease across American colleges

admin2022-06-18  59
问题     US enrollment of international students declined for the second year in a row, sending waves of unease across American colleges and universities, which see students from abroad as a buffer against the falling number of US high-school students graduating each year.
    The number of new international students enrolling at American institutions fell by 6.6 percent during the 2017-18 academic year, on top of a 3.3 percent decline the year before, according to a report by the Institute of International Education.
    The drop takes the number of new students back to the level seen three or four years ago. At the University of Central Missouri, foreign enrollment surged to 2, 600 in 2016 before plummeting to just 650 this year. At Purdue University, one of the nation’s biggest hubs for international students, total foreign enrollment fell by 2 percent this year.
    Meanwhile, the total number of international students in the US plus those working here on a student visa rose by just 1.5 percent this year. That was down from average annual growth of 6.1 percent over the past decade, a period during which enrollment of international students doubled.
    Similar to previous years, the largest numbers of students came from China, India and South Korea, which together made up 56.1 percent of all international students.
    The US is also losing students to English-speaking countries such as Canada, Australia and the UK, which have all seen growth in the past year. Canada reported a 20 percent jump in 2017, while Australia saw a 12 percent increase. Students from abroad are still flocking to the coasts, but are less interested in the South and Midwest.
    Several factors are driving the decrease. Visa and immigration policy changes by the Trump administration have deterred some international students from enrolling, college administrators and immigration analysts said.
    A strong dollar has made US college tuition relatively more expensive; Canadian and European universities are competing fiercely for the same students and headlines about mass shootings also may have deterred some students, said Allan Goodman, president of HE.
    "Everything matters from safety, to cost, to perhaps perceptions of visa poney Goodman said. "We’re hearing that they have choices. We’re hearing that there’s competition from other countries."
    The shift is due to a combination of politics, geography and branding, said Alejandra Sosa Pieroni, an international recruitment expert with a company that consults with colleges to improve enrollment.
    "Students are not feeling welcome in some states, so they are looking beyond those states and heading to places where they will feel welcome, " she said.
    Foreign students are big business. They pumped $42 billion into US college and university coffers in the 2017-18 school year alone.
    International students have become an important funding source for American colleges as traditional revenue sources, such as state funding, come under pressure. Most undergraduate foreign students do not qualify for need-based financial aid and must pay full tuition and fees to attend US schools.
    However, the number of US students studying abroad ticked up by 2 percent last year, continuing eight years of slow but steady growth. Europe remained the top destination, followed by Latin America and Asia.
选项
答案 美国大学里国际学生的入学人数连续第二年下降，这使美国各大学惴惴不安。这些大学将海外学生视为国内生源不足的缓冲，因为美国高中毕业生人数连年下降。 美国国际教育协会的一项报告显示，2017—2018学年，美国各大学国际学生新生的数量下降了6．6％，而上一年的下降率为3．3％。 这使美国大学国际学生新生数量降到了三四年前的水平。2016年，中央密苏里大学的国际学生入学人数猛增至2600人，今年则骤降至650人。普渡大学是美国最大的国际学生接收学校之一，今年的国际学生总数也下降了2％。 同时，美国国际学生与持学生签证在美国工作的人数总和今年只增加了1．5％，低于过去十年6．1％的年均增长率，而在过去十年中，国际学生人数则翻了一番。 和前些年类似，来自中国、印度和韩国的留学生最多，占美国国际学生总数的56．1％。 美国在国际学生招生方面还输给了加拿大、澳大利亚和英国等英语国家，这些国家去年的国际学生数量都呈增长趋势。2017年，加拿大招收的国际学生人数增长了20％，澳大利亚增长了12％。赴美留学生仍在涌向美国沿海地区，但对美国南部和中西部却兴趣索然。 赴美留学生人数下降的原因是多方面的。美国大学管理人员和移民分析师认为，特朗普政府签证政策与移民政策的变化打消了一些留学生赴美留学的念头。 国际教育协会主席艾伦-古德曼说，美元的强势地位使美国大学的学费相对更高；加拿大和欧洲的大学也在激烈地竞争，抢夺生源；有关美国大规模枪击案的新闻报道也会打消一些学生赴美留学的念头。 “从安全问题到费用问题，或许还有对签证政策的各种看法，所有这一切都很重要。”古德曼说， “我们听说，学生有很多选择；我们也听说，其他国家也在竞相争夺生源。” 国际招生专家阿历杭德拉-索莎-皮埃若尼为一家帮助大学提高入学率的咨询公司工作，她认为这一变化是政治原因、地理因素和学校品牌推广共同作用的结果。 “学生觉得在某些州不受欢迎，所以就不会选择那些州，而是去一些他们认为会受到欢迎的地方。”她说。 国际学生能带来大笔收入。仅在2017—2018学年，国际学生就为美国大学的金库投了420亿美元。 当政府资助等传统的经费来源紧张时，国际学生已成为美国大学重要的资金来源。因为多数读本科的国际学生不符合美国大学按需求评定的助学金申请条件，所以必须全额支付学费及其他费用。 但是，去年美国学生出国留学的人数却增加了2％。美国学生出国留学人数八年来持续稳定地增长，尽管速度缓慢。欧洲一直是关国学生首选的留学目的地，其次是拉丁美洲和亚洲。
解析 1．US enrollment of international students declined for the second year in a row, sending waves of unease across American colleges and universities，which see students from abroad as a buffer against the falling number of US high-school students graduating each year．美国大学里国际学生的入学人数连续第二年下降，这使美国各大学惴惴不安。这些大学将海外学生视为国内生源不足的缓冲，因为美国高中毕业生人数连年下降。
选词用词+理解结构
in a row连续的；waves of unease阵阵不安。在这个语境中，wave的英文解释是：a sudden increase in a particular activity or feeling(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary．9th ed．2016．p．1762)。汉语中可解释为： (情绪的)波动。这里可根据上下文译为“惴惴不安”。整个句子带有which引导的定语从句，先行词是colleges and universities。主句后的现在分词sending引导了一个结果状语，所以翻译时加入“这使”。定语从句中的介词against表示“在某种情况下或背景下”，翻译时根据上下文理解为原因状语。buffer“缓冲”是指由于美国高中毕业生人数下降，带来高校生源危机，招收国际生则可视为对这种危机的缓冲，起到“生源补充”的作用。
2．The number of new international students enrolling at American institutions fell by 6．6 percent during the 2017—18 academic year, on top of a 3．3 percent decline the year before，according to a report by the Institute of International Education．美国国际教育协会的一项报告显示，2017—2018学年，美国各大学国际学生新生的数量下降了6．6％．而上一年的下降率为3．3％。
理解结构+调整语序
这个句子虽长，但是个简单句，句末状语according to a report by the Institute of International Education在翻译时要根据汉语习惯置于句首。短语on top of在这里表示in addition to或along with，即此外、还有的意思。
3．The drop takes the number of new students back to the level seen three or four years ago．这使美国大学国际学生新生数量降到了三四年前的水平。
调整语序
seen three or four years ago是过去分词作后置定语，修饰level，翻译时应根据汉语习惯放于“水平”之前。
4．At Purdue University, one of the nation’s biggest hubs for international students，total foreign enrollment fell by 2 percent this year．普渡大学是美国最大的国际学生接收学校之一，今年的国际学生总数也下降了2％。
转换同位短语
这个简单句的主语后面有个同位短语one of the nation’s biggest hubs for international students，翻译时转换为句子：普渡大学是美国最大的国际学生接收学校之一。
5．…That was down from average annual growth of 6．1 percent over the past decade，a period during which enrollment of international students doubled．……低于过去十年6．1％的年均增长率，而在过去十年中，国际学生人数则翻了一番。
理解主从关系
这是个带有定语从句的复合句，定语从句和主句是相反的关系，所以翻译时为了流畅可加入连接词“而”或“但”。
6．Students from abroad are still flocking to the coasts，but are less interested in the South and Midwest．赴美留学生仍在涌向美国沿海地区，但对美国南部和中西部却兴趣索然。
选词用词+遵从常识
flock的英文解释是：to go or gather together somewhere in large numbers(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary．9th ed．2016．p．598)。因此，flock应该译为“涌向”。the coasts美国沿海地区；the South and Midwest美国南部和中西部。这些都属于英美国家概况基本知识，翻译时应遵从常识。
7．Several factors are driving the decrease．Visa and immigration policy changes by the Trump administration have deterred some international students from enrolling，college administrators and immigration analysts said．赴美留学生人数下降的原因是多方面的。美国大学管理人员和移民分析师认为，特朗普政府签证政策与移民政策的变化打消了一些留学生赴美留学的念头。
选词用词+遵从惯例
deter的英文解释是：to make sb．decide not to do sth．or continue doing sth．，especially by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary．9th ed．2016．p．418)。汉语解释是：阻止、制止。在这里可根据上下文译为“打消……的念头”。the Trump administration是借代的修辞手法，可按照惯例译为：特朗普政府或美国政府。
8．“Everything matters from safety，to cost，to perhaps perceptions of visa policy，”…“从安全问题到费用问题，或许还有对签证政策的各种看法，所有这一切都很重要。”……
增加范畴词+显化英语形态变化
翻译名词safety和cost时，应根据汉语习惯加入范畴词“问题”；还应显化英语中的复数屈折变化形式，将perceptions译为“各种看法"或“种种看法”。
9．The shift is due to a combination of politics，geography and branding，said Alejandra Sosa Pieroni，an international recruitment expert with a company that consults with colleges to improve enrollment．国际招生专家阿历杭德拉.索莎.皮埃若尼为一家帮助大学提高入学率的咨询公司工作，她认为这一变化是政治原因、地理因素和学校品牌推广共同作用的结果。
增加范畴词+同位语的处理+选词用词
politics和geography在翻译时要根据汉语习惯加入范畴词，依次译为“政治原因、地理因素”。这句话的人名后有个很长的同位语，所以在翻译时，应根据汉语习惯，先将同位语译为单独的句子放于句首，然后再译主句。branding的意思是the presentation of sth．to the public in a way that makes it easy for people to recognize or identify，因此在这里可译为“学校品牌推广”或“学校招生宣传”。
10．International students have become an important funding source for American colleges as traditional revenue sources，such as state funding，come under pressure．当政府资助等传统的经费来源紧张时，国际学生已成为关国大学重要的资金来源。
选词用词
come under pressure应根据主语revenue sources，选择合适的汉语表达“(经费来源)紧张”。
11．Most undergraduate foreign students do not qualify for need-based financial aid and must pay full tuition and fees to attend US schools．因为多数读本科的国际学生不符合美国大学按需求评定的助学金申请条件，所以必须全额支付学费及其他费用。
显化逻辑关系
这是一个简单句，谓语动词由and连接，但是前后表示因果关系，所以在翻译时加入了关联词“因为……所以……”。
12．Europe remained the top destination…欧洲一直是美国学生首选的留学目的地……
选词用词
remain的英文解释是：to be still in the same state or condition(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary．9th ed．2016．p．1305)。所以该词不能仅仅翻译为“是”，应该译为“一直是”。
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