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  3. Women’s fertility is determined in large part at birth. They are born with their total number of reproductive cells, which norma

Women’s fertility is determined in large part at birth. They are born with their total number of reproductive cells, which norma

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问题     Women’s fertility is determined in large part at birth. They are born with their total number of reproductive cells, which normally influences the age at which menopause—the shutting down of female reproductive system—begins. But in the 1990s, researchers proposed that if a child’s energy is depleted by malnutrition, disease, or other factors, he or she would be less fertile as an adult By using the natural experiment of migration, researchers demonstrated how differences during childhood do alter the course of reproduction in adult women.
    Biological anthropologist Gillian Bentley of Durham University in the UK and colleagues compared levels of reproductive hormones in 250 Bangladeshi women, including women who migrated from Sylhet, Bangladesh to London; women who stayed in Sylhet; and Bangladeshi women born in London. In the first stage of their study, they found that women who migrated from Bangladesh as children had higher levels of reproductive hormones in their saliva than women who lived in Sylhet, but less than women born in London. This had a direct effect on fertility: Migrant women in London had an 11% higher rate of ovulation—discharging of mature ovum—during their lives than did women in Sylhet, the team reported in 2007.
    The team has now studied 900 women between the ages of 35 and 60 to see if the beginning of menopause varies between migrants and women in Sylhet. Bentley presented preliminary results from their measurement of hormones that regulate the maturation of reproductive cells and are indirect indices of how many ova they can still produce. Her team found that migrants enter menopause later than did women who stayed in Bangladesh but earlier than did those born in London. "The adult migrants seem to be sensitive to improved conditions," says Bentley.
    The group is trying to find out which environmental factors in Bangladesh lower growing girls’ fertility. All the Bangladeshi women in the study came from middle-class, land-owning families, who grew up with adequate calories. However, girls growing up in Bangladesh were probably exposed to more infectious diseases during crucial developmental years. So, they may have had to make tradeoffs among using energy to grow, to maintain their bodies, or to maximize their reproductive potential as adults. Bentley plans to test that idea next year when her team returns to Bangladesh to see if girls there suffer from more diseases than do those in London. "In other words," says Bentley, "where you spend your childhood influences adult reproductive function."
Migration here in the experiment is
选项 A、a measuring tool.
B、a research methodology.
C、an independent variable.
D、a controlled condition.
答案C
解析 通过分析本特利的两个研究可发现移民妇女这一组是作为一个独立的研究对象出现在研究过程中的，与其他两组对象有着相同的地位，因此C项“一个独立的变量”为正确选项。根据原文可知。移民跟测量没什么关系；他们是研究对象不是研究方法；而且研究人员没有刻意去控制他们，所以也不是“控制条件”，故A、B、D三项均不正确。
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