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  3. Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burd

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burd

admin2022-07-19  9
问题     Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics— the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
    As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
    But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ’common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
    Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
    What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
Besides reducing human labor, robots can also________.
选项 A、make a few decisions for themselves
B、deal with some errors with human intervention
C、improve factory environments
D、cultivate human creativity
答案B
解析 本题关键词是human labor和robots，问题是除了减少人类劳动，机器人还能够做什么。由于本文几乎每段都在讨论机器人，所以本题可定位于全文。根据第三段可知，目前机器人的运行需要较多的人类监控，可以处理一些特定的错误，但无法独立做决定，即机器人可以在人类的干预下处理一些错误。选项B是对第三段所说的机器人能够做的工作的全面概括，其中deal with some errors对应文中handle a specific error，with human intervention对应文中with less human supervision，所以选项B为正确选项。选项A正反混淆，第三段第一句…and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge明确指出“自己做一些决定”是目前机器人还未能实现的功能。选项C来自第五段第二句，他们制造的机器人在受控制的工厂环境里(in a controlled factory environment)，能够识别仪表盘上几分之一毫米的误差。原文的“工厂环境”是一个地点名词，没有提及要改善“工厂环境”，因此选项C偷换概念。根据第一段第一句，人类创造力(human ingenuity)驱动人们设计日益精巧的工具，即机器人的发明，而不是选项D的机器人能够“培养人类的创造力”，所以选项D正反混淆。第四段：对人工智能的探索亦喜亦忧，复制人脑活动短期内无法实现。第五段：模仿人脑计划短期内无法实现的原因是人脑远比机器人更复杂。
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