The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, a

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问题     The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, and that for two commodities; whereof one is the registering of the consequences of our thoughts, which being apt to slip out of our memory and put us to a new labor, may again be recalled by such words as they were marked by. So that the first use of names is to serve for marks or notes of remembrance. Another is when many use the same words to signify, by their connexion and order one to another, what they conceive or think of each matter; and also what they desire, fear, or have any other passion for. And for this use they are called signs. Special uses of speech are these: first, to register what by cogitation we find to be the cause of anything, present or past; and what we find things present or past may produce, or effect; which, in sum, is acquiring of arts. Secondly, to show to others that knowledge which we have attained; which is to counsel and teach one another. Thirdly, to make known to others our wills and purposes that we may have the mutual help of one another. Fourthly, to please and delight ourselves, and others, by playing with our words, for pleasure or ornament, innocently.

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答案 语言的一般作用是把我们的精神话语转换成口头言语,或者是把我们一连串的思想转换成一连串的话语,其主要用处有两个。第一,记录我们思想的成果。我们的思想容易从记忆中溜走而使我们不得不重新来过。而通过标记性的语言,我们就可能重新想起。因此名字的第一个用处是为记忆做标记或者笔记。第二,当许多记忆通过它们之间的联系或者顺序用相同的语言表示时,语言就可以让人想起其所表达的每件事情,还有其所渴望的、害怕的或者有其他感情的事物。这种用处称为符号。语言的特殊作用如下:第一,记录通过思考找到的过去或者现在的任何事物的原因及可能产生的结果或者效果。总而言之就是习得的艺术。第二,给其他人展示我们所获得的知识,也就是互相咨询或者教导。第三,告诉别人如果互相帮助我们所存有的意愿和目的。第四,为了快乐或者措辞优美而无恶意地使用文字游戏娱乐自己及他人。

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