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  3. The evolution of the social sciences has reached a crucial point that might be called a phase change in which old, atomistic, an

The evolution of the social sciences has reached a crucial point that might be called a phase change in which old, atomistic, an

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问题      The evolution of the social sciences has reached a crucial point that might be called a phase change in which old, atomistic, and impressionistic ways of doing research are superseded by a far more systematic and united methodology. To bring social sciences to the level of rigor already achieved by some of the physical sciences, a new type of facility will be needed. This will be a trans-disciplinary, Internet-based collaboratory that will provide social and behavioral scientists with the databases, software and hardware tools, and other resources to conduct worldwide research that integrates experimental, survey, geographic, and economic methodologies on a much larger scale than was possible previously. This facility will enable advanced research and  professional  education in economics,  sociology,  political  science,  social geography, and related fields.
     In many branches of social sciences, a new emphasis on the rigor of formal laboratory experimentation has driven researchers to develop procedure and software to conduct online interaction experiment using computer terminals attached to local area networks. The opportunity to open these laboratories to the Internet will reduce the cost per research participant and increase greatly the number of institutions, researchers, students, and research participants who can take part. The scale of social sciences experimentation can increase by an order of magnitude or more, examining a much wider range of phenomena and ensuring great confidence in results through multiple replication of crucial studies.
     Technology  for  administering  questionnaires  to  very  large  numbers  of respondents over the Internet will revolutionize survey research. Data from past questionnaire surveys can be the springboard for new surveys with vastly larger numbers of respondents at lower cost than by traditional methods. Integrated researches can combine modules using both questionnaire and experimental methods.Results can be linked via geographic analysis to other sources of data including census information, economic statistics, and data from other experiments and surveys. Longitudinal studies will conduct time-series comparisons across data sets to chart social and economic trends. Each new study will be designed so that the data automatically and instantly becomes part of the archives, and scientific publications will be linked to the data sets on which they are based so that the network becomes a universal knowledge system.
A "phase change" (Para. 1) is one in which
选项 A、an old period ends and a new period begins.
B、a gradual invisible transition takes place.
C、fragments are united into a whole.
D、social sciences come to be united with physical sciences.
答案A
解析 细节题。phase change是一个物理学领域的术语，指“变相”，而“相”指 其各组成部分。文章第一段指出：社会科学的发展已经到达了一个可以被称作“阶段性 变化”的关键时期，在这个时期，过时的、原子论的、根据主观印象的研究方法被一种 更系统、更统一的研究方法所取代。根据“…are superseded by…(……被……所取代)”可知，该短语的意思应该是“旧阶段结束，新阶段开始”。这与A的意思相符。B 不准确；C为该短语在物理学领域的意思，在此不合适；文中没有提到D。
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