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  3. The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and nonmaterial. Material culture includes the man-ma

The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and nonmaterial. Material culture includes the man-ma

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问题     The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and nonmaterial. Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight. A boat, a machine, a house — all these objects are part of the material culture. The nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.
    Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the nonmaterial culture in choosing problems for study.  It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible — indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them. The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.
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答案任何社会文化一般都会被分为两类：物质文化和非物质文化。物质文化包括具有高度、宽度和重量等物理属性的人为现象。船、机器和房屋——所有这些东西都被归为物质文化的一部分。非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，它影响着人类的行为却缺乏上述的那些物质属性，非物质文化是人作为社会一员所创造和获得的价值观、信仰、传统观念及一切其他习惯和思想。 当代社会学理论在选择所要研究的问题时，往往侧重于非物质文化。比如，社会学理论认为船、飞机、汽车等物品的重要性远不如人们为制造这些东西——确切地说是为规定其使用方法而形成的传统观念的重要性。当代社会学所强调的是，若不是先有了能孕育物质文化的非物质文化，物质文化就无从产生。
解析 1．The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds：material and nonmaterial．
译文：任何社会的文化一般可被分为两类：物质文化和非物质文化。
本句中“nonmaterial”翻译为“非物质文化”，在英语中对非物质还有：intangible adj．触摸不到的；无形的，无实体的，在英语中类似的表达还有：
非传统non-traditional
民办non-governmental
2．The nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties：values，beliefs，traditions，and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society．
译文：非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，它影响着人类的行为却缺乏上述的那些物质属性，非物质文化是人作为社会一员所创造和获得的价值观、信仰、传统观念及一切其他习惯和思想。
本句中定语从句“which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties：values，beliefs，traditions，and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society．”采用后置翻译法，将其翻译成独立的句子置于主句之后，比翻译成“……的”的前置定语要更加简洁明了。
3．Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the nonmaterial culture in choosing problems for study．
译文：当代社会学理论在选择所要研究的问题时，往往侧重于非物质文化。
4．It assumes，for example，that boats，planes，automobiles，and so forth，are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed，which prescribe how we are to use them．
译文：比如，社会学理论认为船、飞机、汽车等物品的重要性远不如人们为制造这些东西所发展的——确切地说是为规定其使用方法而形成的传统观念的重要性。
本句结构较为复杂，是一个带有比较状语的句子，“the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed，which prescribe how we are to use them．”为比较对象，其结构是带有两个定语从句的名词性短语，“we have developed which make their manufacture possible”为一个定语从句，“which prescribe how we are to use them．”为另一个定语从句。
5．The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture．
译文：当代社会学所强调的是，若不是先有了能孕育物质文化的非物质文化，物质文化就无从产生。
本句是一个由动词不定式短语作表语的句子，其中不定式短语中又带有“that”引导的宾语从句，其中宾语从句采用虚拟语气，其条件状语从句采用倒装结构表达“had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture．”在条件状语从句中又有定语从句“which are embodied in the inventions of material culture”。这个定语从句译为“能孕育物质文化的”。
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